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MBIO 3000 > Lecture 3: History of Disease > Flashcards

Lecture 3: History of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What were hunter gatherers blessed with?

A

Blessed with nutritional plenty and relatively untroubled by disease
- did not have any disease with zoonoses

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2
Q

Why did humans stay hunter-gatherers for more than 99.5% of the 2.5 million years of cultural people?

A

population crisis?

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3
Q

How did the population crisis occur?

A
  • Famine would bring populations back into control; famine decreased pop.; very intune with environment

◦ Lost lives in high-risk, high-return endeavours associated with hunting, war and travel
- animals were more aggressive; more of them more of a chance they would eat you

◦ Childbirth and infanticide; during the industrial revolution losing 25-30% children

**Populations grew even with these conditions

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4
Q

Where did humanity begin and how do we know this?

A

all humans started in Africa
- found this out due to mitochondria; mitochondria is passed on from female to female

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5
Q

What would happen if bands grew too large?

A

if bands grew too large they would split into two
* This took ancient man to every corner of the world 1.8 - 1.5 million years ago

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6
Q

Peripatetic Existence

A

walking about from place to place travelling by foot

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7
Q

Even bands with brains the size of ours today remained hunter - gatherers for

A

Even bands with brains the size of ours today remained hunter - gatherers for
100,000 years
* Advance tool making culture occurred around 40,000 years ago; could’ve been related to eating magic mushrooms

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8
Q

What did Jared diamond not add in his theory?

A

evolution

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9
Q

What choices were people faced with as the population grew larger?

A

Human kind was now faced with a choice! - as population sizes grew
◦ Become celibate!
◦ Become clever!

  • People settled down and took up producing their own food and domesticated animals; Farming became a new means of acquiring food
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10
Q

How did people sustain themselves prior to farming?

A

10,000 years ago people lived exclusively on wild food

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11
Q

What is the most important event ever engineered by humankind and why?

A

ppl understood growing food was only thing they needed; allowed us to feed our pop.
but not doing a good job of this today b/c of famine in many places

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12
Q

List the regions of high food production

A

Mesoamerica (Mayas, Aztecs, etc)
Andean Region (Incas, etc)
Nile valley (Egypt)
Mesopotamia
Huang Ho River Region (Shang, etc)
Indus River Region (Harappa)

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13
Q

harbor bosh system

A

which converts hydrogen and nitrogen to ammonia,

made ammonia fertilizer widely available, helping cause a world population boom as yields from agriculture increased rapidly in a short time

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14
Q

How is food production different today?

A

food production is very different today, people are heaving reliant on industrialized and processed food, especially corn and soy products

Due to structure of modern society (cities with condos) many people are unable to grow own food, relies on the industry chain (grocery stores).

went from hunter gatherers –> farmers –> industrialized

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15
Q

What are the 2 products are food is made out of today? why?

A

soy and corn
due to government subsidies: farmers get more money for growing soy
companies use corn to make processed food b/c its high in sugar

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16
Q

Which grains were domesticated?

A

varieties of wheat, rye, barley, and rice

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17
Q

Which animal was the 1st to be domesticated? list other domesticated animals as well

A

Dogs were probably the first animals to be domesticated (12,000 yr) followed by
cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses and fowl

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18
Q

How did farming help increase the population?

A

Population expanded dramatically as constraints on the number of offspring were no
longer present; no more famine and hunting

  • The more people there were, the more hands to work at farming and protecting the
    elderly
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19
Q

GMOs

A

we have been genetically modifying our food since 12000 yrs

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20
Q

How did farming advance society?

A

people began to learn how to manipulate the planet

  • To rearrange ecological systems as well as the domesticating of plants and animals; cows in western society where there were none before
  • Humans began the enterprise of undoing a self-regenerating natural environment
    without knowing what they were doing!
  • A process which has continued today; we can produce food with low nutrition today to feed more ppl
  • we need to return to a self-regenerating natural environment.
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21
Q

What were the downsides of the agricultural revolution?

A

ecological downsides

  • One downside embraces the many realms of parasites, pesticide use, and land manipulation
  • By inventing agriculture, humans also cultivated disease; permanent settlements
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22
Q

What was a problem caused by agriculture?

A

Irish Potato Famine
◦ Caused by the potato blight
◦ Destroyed crops throughout Europe in 1840s
◦ Ireland was disproportionately hit as one third of population was dependent on
the potato - this also resulted in scurry as wheat which did not have vitamin C was used to replace potato crop which did have vitamin C

23
Q

salem witch trials

A

young ladies were said to be witches but in reality had consumed rye which was infected with fungal ergot and were high on LSD

24
Q

What did domestication of animals lead to?

A

Pathogens of domesticated animals now found their way into human bodies and began to adapt

Along with sharing diseases domesticated animals joined humans in fouling their drinking water
* Maximizing the opportunities of parasitic worms and other disease - spreading insects

25
Q

Humans share diseases with:

A

◦ 65 diseases with dogs
◦ 50 with cattle
◦ 46 with sheep
◦ 42 with pigs
◦ 35 with horses
◦ 26 with poultry

26
Q

How did domesticated animals help humans?

A

farming
companionship
food production

27
Q

How did farming lead to disease?

A
  • Permanent settlements attracted mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other blood sucking insects
  • Fleas and lice would colonize the outside of the human body and amoebas, hookworms and other parasitic worms invaded the inside
  • All proliferated easily because people lived in close proximity with one another.

domestication of animals caused disease

28
Q

Measles

A

is the result of rinderpest or canine distemper from cattle to dogs

29
Q

Small pox

A

is from the evolution of cowpox in humans
Variola virus is a species of Orthopoxvirus “speckled monster”
ONLY DISEASE WE EVER ERADICATED
DISEASE EVOLVED WITH THE POP

30
Q

List which diseases each animals contributed

A

Cattle contributed their poxes
* Pigs, bird and horses their influenzas - whales can also have the flu

31
Q

Reservoir (where infectious agent lives grows and reproduces) of small pox

A

◦ Human disease - smallpox can only affect humans not animals or plants
◦ No animal or environmental reservoir
◦ Currently the virus is maintained only in designated laboratories

32
Q

What is the mode of transmission of small pox?

A
  • Droplet spread
    ◦ Skin inoculation
    ◦ Conjunctivae or the placenta were portals of entry - mother to child.
33
Q

What is the Incubation period for small pox?

A

7-19 days commonly 10-14 days to onset of illness and 2-4 days for rash onset

34
Q

Period of communicability for smallpox

A

◦ Earliest lesions to disappearance of all stabs (3 weeks); communicable throughout whole disease

◦ Susceptibility among the unvaccinated is universal

35
Q

Why were we able to eradicate smallpox?

A

no asymptomatic people we knew everyone who had smallpox and could eradicate it
- whereas in covid theres asymptomatic ppl

recurrent infectivity did not occur, that there was no animal reservoir, and that an effective stable vaccine was available.

36
Q
A

HIV infects only humans
can take human HIV virus and infect primates

37
Q

How many people died from smallpox?

A
  • An estimated 300 million people died from smallpox in the 20th century alone
  • Kills one third of those it infects
  • Known to have coexisted with humans for thousands of years
  • As the world’s population grew, and travel increased, the virus had access to larger
    and larger populations

**WE ARE A HUMAN POP. SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE WILL WORK TO DECREASE OUR POP

38
Q

Where is the earliest evidence of smallpox?

A

The earliest physical evidence of smallpox is the pustular rash on the mummified
body of Pharaoh Ramesses V of Egypt 1157 BC

  • Traders carried the disease from Egypt to India during the 1st millennium BC
39
Q

How come smallpox only swept into China in the 1st century AD and reached Japan in the 6th century and why did we not see a mass spread?

A

we didnt see a mass spread b/c ppl were still living in small pop. it only spread mostly during trade
*Returning crusaders provided a way for smallpox to spread through Europe in the
11th and 12th centuries.

they also had some animals similar to cows which gave them some immunity

40
Q

Who was the 1st to use disease for bioterrorism?

A

spanish

41
Q

How did the Spanish conquer the Aztecs and Incas?

A

Spanish inadvertently owe much of their success in conquering the Aztecs and Incas
in Mexico during the 16th century to smallpox

◦ Virgin population - had become isolated, no exposure to smallpox; land bridge theory

◦ Native Indians had no immunity to the disease; b/c they had Alpacas which didn’t have cow disease

42
Q
A

we have a very complex immune system which has evolved since hunter gatherer era

43
Q

Variolation’

A
  • Variolation was a process developed in the 10th century in China and India
  • Taking pus from the pocks of someone suffering from smallpox and inoculating
    healthy people with it
  • Usually a mild case of smallpox developed, giving lifelong immunity afterwards
  • About 0.5-2 % of people died after variolation, compared to 20-30% after natural
    smallpox
44
Q

What was a major disadvantage of variolation?

A

A major disadvantage of the practice was that variolated people could pass on severe
smallpox to others
THIS IS WHY VACCINATIONS DONT USE LIVE VIRUS BC IT COULD CAUSE PPL TO GET SICK

45
Q

Who is Lady Mary Wortley Montagu?

A

credited with introducing variolation to
Britain in 1721

  • Severely pockmarked herself after surviving the illness, she learned about variolation in
    Constantinople
  • She had her children inoculated and persuaded the Princess of Wales to do the same
46
Q

Who is Edward Jenner?

A

1796, He inserted pus extracted from a cowpox pustule from the hand of a milkmaid, into an incision on the arm of an 8-year old boy, James Phipps

  • This theory was from the folklore of the countryside, that milkmaids who suffered the mild disease of cowpox never contracted smallpox
  • Jenner proved conclusively that contracting cowpox provided immunity against smallpox
  • In 1801, he wrote ‘it now becomes too manifest to admit of controversy, that the annihilation of the Small Pox, the most dreadful scourge of the human species, must be the final result of this practice.
47
Q

What happened in 1959?

A

the World Health Assembly passed a resolution to undertake the global
eradication of smallpox

  • Disease was wiped out from developed countries in Europe and North America
  • Nations all continued to suffer outbreaks of smallpox caused by imports from developing countries where the disease was endemic
  • Number of outbreaks demonstrated how a few smallpox cases could spark mass panic and large-scale disruption
48
Q

Describe the smallpox outbreak

A
  • 1947 a Mexican businessman, unaware that he was intubating smallpox, travelled by
    bus to New York
  • Health authorities decided to act pre-emptively and mass vaccinate New Yorkers
  • Over 6 million people were vaccinated within a month at hundreds of vaccination -
    would be difficult in modern society due to personal opinions - eg Covid
  • 12 people caught smallpox and 2 of them,, including he Mexican business man, died
  • 6 people also died from adverse reactions to the vaccine
49
Q

Describe the last major European outbreak of smallpox

A
  • One of the last major European outbreaks was in Yugoslavia in 1972
  • 175 cases and 35 deaths
  • A Muslim pilgrim had returned from Mecca to his village in Kosovo via Iraqi where
    there were cases of smallpox, and he spread the disease to friends and relatives. A
    man called L. Muzza in a nearby city also became infected
  • Muzza fell ill and because of the seriousness of his condition, was treated in a series
    of hospitals, ending up in Belgrade on March 10th. Nurse D. Stupar was on duty that night with her colleague D. Spasic.
  • Muzza had been misdiagnosed as suffering from a bad reaction to penicillin

He contracted the most virulent and highly contagious form of smallpox -
hemorrhagic

  • Incredibly Muzza infected 38 people, 8 of whom died
  • Enforced mass quarantine was instigated to stop the virus in its tracks
  • By the end of this outbreak, over 8 million people were vaccinated
50
Q

Why did mass quarantine work in Muzza’s case?

A

quarintie doesn’t usually work; but in this case worked b/c it kept ppl in small civilizations away from ppl in larger cities

51
Q
A

These diseases left the population in a diseased state
* Birth rates soared with increased farming - food supply could support population
* More individuals living within spitting, coughing, and sneezing distance to one
another

52
Q

The Rise of New Diseases

A

diseases were evolving with us and only saw them once they got foothold in pop.

  • As humans switched their activities from living off the land to vigorously manipulating it, they were increasingly parasitized
  • However, humans were not totally defenceless
    ◦ Those who survived were better protected against further infection
  • as we were evolving immune system was also evolving: that’s why immune system is so complex
  • Humans thus began developing a complex immune system
  • Humans also evolved with
    organisms.
53
Q
A

day 0 caught something; don’t feel anything innate immune response
- feel something at 3 days but body begins fighting off at day 6-7

  • we can remove things from our body very quickly harder to remove from respiratory

MBIO 3000 (9 decks)

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