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Reproductive System > Pathology [Repro] > Flashcards

Pathology [Repro] Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnose: male, testicular atrophy, eunuchoid body shape, tall stature, long extremities, gynecomastia, female hair distribution +/- developmental delay

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

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2
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

Increased: LH, FSH, oestrogen

Decreased: inhibin, testosterone

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3
Q

What genetic abnormalities are associated with Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

XXY

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4
Q

Diagnose: female, short stature, ovarian dysgenesis (streak ovaries), shield chest, bicuspid aortic valve, webbed neck, coarctation of aorta, horshoe kidney, dysgerminonma, lymphedema

A

Turner syndrome

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5
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in Turner syndrome?

A

Increased: LF, FSH

Decreased: estrogen

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6
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Turner syndrome?

A

No Barr bodies

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7
Q

What genetic abnormalities are associated with Turner syndrome?

A

XO

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8
Q

Diagnose: male, tall stature, severe acne, antisocial behavior

A

Double Y syndrome

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9
Q

What genetic abnormalities are associated with Double Y syndrome?

A

XYY

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10
Q

What is the etiology of female pseudo-hermaphroditism?

A

Excessive exposure to androgens during gestation

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11
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of female pseudo-hermaphroditism?

A

Ovaries present, external genitalia virilized or ambiguous

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12
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of male pseudo-hermaphroditism?

A

Testes present, external genitalia female or ambigious

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13
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of true hermaphroditism?

A

Both ovarian and testicular tissue present, ambiguous genitalia

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14
Q

What is the etiology of androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Defect in andogen receptor

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15
Q

Diagnose: female external genitalia, rudimentary vagina, internal testes, scant sexual hair

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

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16
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Increased: testosterone, LH, estrogen

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17
Q

What genetic abnormalities are associated with androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

46, XY i.e. normal male

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18
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in primary hypogonadism?

A

Increased: LH

Decreased: testosterone

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19
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?

A

Decreased: LH, testosterone

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20
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in testosterone-secreting tumor?

A

Increased: testosterone

Decreased: LH

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21
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in exogenous steroid use?

A

Increased: testosterone

Decreased: LH

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22
Q

What is the etiology of Kallmann syndrome?

A

Defective migration of GnRH cells

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23
Q

Diagnose: anosmia, lack of secondary sex characteristics

A

Kallmann syndrome

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24
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in Kallmann syndrome?

A

Decreased: GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone, sperm count

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25
Q

What is the etiology of complete hydatiform mole?

A

2 sperm + 1 empty egg

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26
Q

What is the pathogenesis of complete hydatiform mole?

A

Cystic swelling of chorionic villi and proliferation of chorionic epithelium

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27
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of complete hydatiform mole?

A

abnormal vaginal bleeding

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28
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in complete hydatiform mole?

A

increased: β-hCG

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29
Q

What are the characteristic imaging findings in complete hydatiform mole?

A

Ultrasound: snowstorm uterus

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30
Q

What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of complete hydatiform mole?

A

Abnormally enlarged, honeycombed or cluster of grapes uterus

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31
Q

What are some possible complications of complete hydatiform mole?

A

Most common precursor of choriocarcinoma, uterine rupture

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32
Q

What is the treatment for complete hydatiform mole?

A

D&C, methotrexate

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33
Q

What is the etiology of partial hydatiform mole?

A

2 sperm + 1 egg

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34
Q

What is the pathogenesis of partial hydatiform mole?

A

Cystic swelling of chorionic villi and proliferation of chorionic epithelium

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35
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of partial hydatiform mole?

A

Abnormal vaginal bleeding

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36
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in partial hydatiform mole?

A

Increased: β-hCG

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37
Q

What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of partial hydatiform mole?

A

“Honeycombed” or “cluster of grapes” uterus

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38
Q

What is the treatment for partial hydatiform mole?

A

D&C, methotrexate

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39
Q

What genetic abnormalities are associated with partial hydatiform mole?

A

69, XXX; 69, XXY; 69, XYY

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40
Q

What are some possible complications of partial hydatiform mole?

A

Most common precursor of choriocarcinoma, uterine rupture

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41
Q

What is the etiology of preeclampsia/eclampsia?

A

Placental ischemia secondary to high maternal vascular tone

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42
Q

Diagnose: gestational: headache, blurred vision, abdominal pain, edema, AMS, hyperreflexia, +/- seizures

A

Preeclampsia/eclampsia

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43
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in preeclampsia/eclampsia?

A

Increased: hyperuricemia

Decreased: thrombocytopenia

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44
Q

What is the treatment for preeclampsia/eclampsia?

A
  1. Delivery ASAP
  2. Until then, bed rest, treatment of HTN
  3. IV magnesium sulfate to prevent/treat seizures
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45
Q

What are the risk factors for preeclampsia/eclampsia?

A

HTN, DM, renal disease, autoimmune disorders

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46
Q

What are some possible complications of preeclampsia/eclampsia?

A

HELLP syndrome

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47
Q

What is the etiology of HELLP syndrome?

A

Variant/complication of preeclampsia/eclampsia

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48
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in HELLP syndrome?

A

Haemolysis

Increased: liver enzymes

Decreased: platelets

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49
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of abruptio placentae?

A

Painful bleeding in 3rd trimester

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50
Q

What is the prognosis for abruptio placentae?

A

Life-threatening for fetus and mother

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51
Q

What are the risk factors for abruptio placentae?

A

Smoking, HTN, cocaine

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52
Q

What are some possible complications of abruptio placentae?

A

DIC

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53
Q

What is the etiology of placenta accreta?

A

Placenta invades beyond decidua and attaches to myometrium

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54
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of placenta accreta?

A

Massive maternal bleeding at delivery

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55
Q

What are the risk factors for placenta accreta?

A

Prior C-section, prior placenta previa

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56
Q

What is the etiology of placenta previa?

A

Placenta attaches near or over internal cervical os

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57
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of placenta previa?

A

Painless vaginal bleeding during any trimester

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58
Q

What are the risk factors for placenta previa?

A

Multiparity, prior C-section

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59
Q

What are some possible complications of retained placental tissue?

A

Postpartum hemorrhage or infection

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60
Q

What is the etiology of ectopic pregnancy?

A

Zygote implants outside of uterus, usually fallopian tubes

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61
Q

Diagnose: sudden onset abdominal pain, amenorrhea

A

Ectopic pregnancy

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62
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in ectopic pregnancy?

A

Decreased: hCG (compared to expected)

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63
Q

What are the characteristic imaging findings in ectopic pregnancy?

A

Ultrasound: visible mass

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64
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of ectopic pregnancy?

A

Endometrium has decidua basalis but no chorionic villi

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65
Q

What are the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy?

A

PID, hx infertility, ruptured appendix, prior tubal surgery (scar)

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66
Q

What is the etiology of polyhydramnios?

A

Inability to swallow amniotic fluid

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67
Q

What are the risk factors for polyhydramnios?

A

Oesophageal or duodenal atresia, anencephaly

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68
Q

What is the physical defect in polyhydramnios?

A

>1.5 L amniotic fluid

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69
Q

What are the risk factors for oligohydramnios?

A

Placental insufficiency, bilateral renal agenesis, posterior urethral valve

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70
Q

What are some possible complications of oligohydramnios?

A

Potter’s sequence

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71
Q

What is the etiology of cervical dysplasia/squamous cell carcinoma?

A

HPV 16, 18

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72
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of cervical dysplasia/squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Koilocytes (enlarged, hyperchromatic epithelial cells) on Pap smear.

(normal left, abnormal right)

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73
Q

What are some possible complications of cervical dysplasia/squamous cell carcinoma?

A

May progress to invasive carcinoma

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74
Q

What are the risk factors for cervical dysplasia/squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Multiple sexual partners, smoking, early age of first intercourse, HIV infection

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75
Q

What is the etiology of endometritis?

A

Retained tissue/foreign body in uterus

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76
Q

What is the pathogenesis of endometritis?

A

Infection and inflammation of endometrium

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77
Q

What is the treatment for endometritis?

A

Gentamycin + clindamycin +/- ampicillin

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78
Q

What is the etiology of endometriosis?

A

Retrograde menstrual flow

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79
Q

Diagnose: cyclic menstrual bleeding from non-uterine site, severe menstrual-related pain, painful intercourse, infertility

A

Endometriosis

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80
Q

What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of endometriosis?

A

Blood-filled “chocolate cysts”

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81
Q

What is the treatment for endometriosis?

A

OCP, NSAIDs, leuprolide, danazol

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82
Q

What are the characteristic imaging findings in endometriosis?

A

Uterus is normal sized

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83
Q

What is the etiology of adenomyosis?

A

Non-neoplastic endometrial tissue within myometrium

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84
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of adenomyosis?

A

Menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain

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85
Q

What are the characteristic imaging findings in adenomyosis?

A

Uterus is enlarged

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86
Q

What is the treatment for adenomyosis?

A

Hysterectomy

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87
Q

What is the etiology of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Usually excess estrogen stimulation

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88
Q

What are the risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Anovulatory cycles, hormone replacement therapy, PCOS, granulosa cell tumor

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89
Q

What are some possible complications of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Increased risk for endometrial carcinoma

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90
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding

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91
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of endometrial carcinoma?

A

Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding

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92
Q

What are the risk factors for endometrial carcinoma?

A

Oestrogen without progestin, obesity, DM, HTN, nulliparity, late menopause

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93
Q

What populations are most at risk for endometrial carcinoma?

A

55-65 years

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94
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of leiomyoma (fibroid)?

A

Asymptomatic, abnormal uterine bleeding, miscarriage

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95
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of leiomyoma (fibroid)?

A

Well-demarcated edges, whorled smooth muscle bundles

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96
Q

What populations are most at risk for leiomyoma (fibroid)?

A

20-40 years, black race

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97
Q

What is the prognosis for leiomyoma (fibroid)?

A

Good, does NOT progress to leiomyosarcoma

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98
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of leiomyosarcoma?

A

Areas of necrosis and hemorrhage

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99
Q

What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of leiomyosarcoma?

A

Bulky, irregluar shape, may protrude from cervix

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100
Q

What populations are most at risk for leiomyosarcoma?

A

Black race, middle age

101
Q

What is the pathogenesis of premature ovarian failure?

A

Atresia of ovarian follicles

102
Q

Diagnose: signs of menopause after puberty but before 40

A

Premature ovarian failure

103
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in premature ovarian failure?

A

Increased: LH, FSH

Decreased: estrogen

104
Q

What is the etiology of polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

A

Deranged LH production and steroid synthesis

105
Q

Diagnose: amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism, +/- insulin resistance

A

Polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

106
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

A

Increased: LH, testosterone, estrogen

Decreased: FSH

107
Q

What are the characteristic imaging findings in polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

A

Enlarged, bilateral, cystic ovaries

108
Q

What is the treatment for polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

A

Weight loss, OCPs or medroxyprogesterone, spironolactone, clomiphene, metformin

109
Q

What are some possible complications of polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

A

Increased risk of endometrial cancer

110
Q

What is the etiology of follicular cyst?

A

Distension of unruptured Graafian follicle

111
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in follicular cyst?

A

Increased: estrogen

112
Q

What are some possible complications of follicular cyst?

A

Endometrial hyperplasia

113
Q

What is the etiology of corpus luteum cyst?

A

Haemorrhage into persistent corpus luteum

114
Q

What is the prognosis for corpus luteum cyst?

A

Commonly regresses spontaneously

115
Q

What is the etiology of theca-lutein cyst?

A

Gonadotropin stimulation

116
Q

What are some possible complications of theca-lutein cyst?

A

Associated with choriocarcinoma and amoles

117
Q

What is the etiology of hemorrhagic ovarian cyst?

A

Blood vessel rupture in cyst wall

118
Q

What is the prognosis for hemorrhagic ovarian cyst?

A

Usually self-resolves

119
Q

What is the etiology of endometrioid cyst (chocolate cyst)?

A

Endometriosis within ovary with cyst formation

120
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in dysgerminoma?

A

Increased: hCG, LDH

121
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of dysgerminoma?

A

Sheets of uniform cells

122
Q

What genetic abnormalities are associated with dysgerminoma?

A

Turner syndrome (XO)

123
Q

What is the prognosis for dysgerminoma?

A

Malignant

124
Q

What is the etiology of choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?

A

Malignancy of trophoblast, germ cell tumor

125
Q

What is the prognosis for choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?

A

Malignant, early mets to lungs

126
Q

What are some possible complications of choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?

A

Associated with theca-lutein cysts

127
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?

A

Increased: hCG

128
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?

A

Increased AFP

129
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?

A

Schiller-Duval bodies (resemble glomeruli)

130
Q

What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?

A

Yellow, friable solid mass

131
Q

What populations are most at risk for yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?

A

Young children

132
Q

What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of teratoma?

A

Cystic growths fillled with fat, teeth, hair, bone, cartilage

133
Q

What is the prognosis for teratoma?

A

Mature (dermoid cyst) - usually benign

Immature - aggressively malignant

134
Q

What is the etiology of yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?

A

Germ cell tumor

135
Q

What is the etiology of dysgerminoma?

A

Germ cell tumor

136
Q

What is the etiology of serous cystadenocarcinoma?

A

Ovarian tumor

137
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of serous cystadenocarcinoma?

A

Psammoma bodies (Psammoma body pictured, but different cancer)

138
Q

What is the prognosis for serous cystadenocarcinoma?

A

Malignant

139
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of mucinous cystadenoma?

A

Multilocular cyst with mucous secreting epithelium

140
Q

What is the prognosis for mucinous cystadenoma?

A

Benign

141
Q

What is the prognosis for mucinous cystadenocarcinoma?

A

Malignant

142
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Brenner tumor?

A

“Coffee bean” nuclei on H&E

143
Q

What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of Brenner tumor?

A

Solid tumor, tan-yellow color, appears encapsulated. Looks like bladder

144
Q

What is the prognosis for Brenner tumor?

A

Benign

145
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of Granulosa cell tumor?

A

Abnormal uterine bleeding

146
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in Granulosa cell tumor?

A

Increased: estrogen

147
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Granulosa cell tumor?

A

Call-Exner bodies - small follicles with eosinophilic secretions

148
Q

What are some possible complications of Granulosa cell tumor?

A

Precocious puberty in kids, endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma in adults

149
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of fibroma?

A

Pulling sensation in groin

150
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of fibroma?

A

Bundles of spindle-shaped fiibroblasts

151
Q

Diagnose: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax

A

Meigs’ syndrome

152
Q

What is the etiology of Krukenberg tumor?

A

GI malignancy mets to ovaries (adenocarcinoma)

153
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Krukenberg tumor?

A

Mucin-secreting signet cells

154
Q

What is the etiology of vaginal squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Usually secondary to cervical SCC

155
Q

GYN tumor incidence in US: […] > […] > […]

A

GYN tumor incidence in US: endometrial > ovarian > cervical

156
Q

GYN tumor prognosis: […] > […] > […]

A

GYN tumor prognosis: endometrial > cervical > ovarian

157
Q

Worldwide, […] cancer is the most common gynecologic tumor.

A

Worldwide, cervical cancer is the most common gynecologic tumor.

158
Q

What are the risk factors for clear cell adenocarcinoma?

A

Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero

159
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of sarcoma botyroides?

A

Spindle shaped tumor cells, desmin +

160
Q

What populations are most at risk for sarcoma botryoids?

A

Girls <4 y/o

161
Q

Diagnose: small, mobile, firm breast mass with sharp edges. Increase in size and tenderness with menstruation and pregnancy.

A

Fibroademona

162
Q

What populations are most at risk for fibroademona?

A

<35 y/o

163
Q

Diagnose: small breast mass beneath areola, serous or bloody nipple discharge

A

Intraductal papilloma

164
Q

What are some possible complications of intraductal papilloma?

A

Slight increase in risk for carcinoma

165
Q

Diagnose: large, bulky breast mass; leaf-life projections

A

Phyllodes tumor

166
Q

What populations are most at risk for phyllodes tumor?

A

>60 y/o

167
Q

What are the risk factors for malignant breast tumor (general)?

A

Oestrogen exposure: total number of menstrual cycles, early puberty, late first birth, obesity, BRCA1, BRCA2

168
Q

What populations are most at risk for malignant breast tumor (general)?

A

Usually postmenopause

169
Q

What progenitor cell type is associated with malignant breast tumor (general)?

A

Usually arise from terminal duct lobular unit

170
Q

The most important prognostic factor for malignant breast cancer is […].

A

The most important prognostic factor for malignant breast cancer is axillary lymph node involvement.

171
Q

Some breast cancers overexpress […], […], and […] receptors.

A

Some breast cancers overexpress oestrogen, progesterone, and HER-2 receptors.

172
Q

Malignant breast tumors are most often located in the […] quadrant of the breast.

A

Malignant breast tumors are most often located in the upper-outer quadrant of the breast.

173
Q

What is the etiology of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?

A

Arises from ductal hyperplasia

174
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?

A

No basement penetration

175
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of comedocarcinoma?

A

Noninvasive ductal carcinoma with central caseous necrosis

176
Q

Diagnose: firm, fibrous, rock-hard breast mass

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)

177
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)?

A

Sharp margins; small glandular duct-like cells; stellate morphology

178
Q

What is the prognosis for invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)?

A

Poor; very invasive

179
Q

[…] is the worst and most common of all breast cancers.

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma is the worst and most common of all breast cancers.

180
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of invasive lobular carcinoma (breast)?

A

Orderly rows of cells in Indian file

181
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of medullary carcinoma (breast)?

A

Fleshy, cellular, lymphocytic infiltrate

182
Q

What is the prognosis for medullary carcinoma (breast)?

A

Good

183
Q

What is the pathogenesis of inflammatory carcinoma (breast)?

A

Dermal lymphatic invasion by breast carcinoma - blockage of lymphatics

184
Q

Diagnose: orange peel breast

A

Inflammatory carcinoma (breast)

185
Q

What is the prognosis for inflammatory carcinoma (breast)?

A

Poor

186
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of Paget’s disease of the breast?

A

Eczematous patches on areola or nipple

187
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Paget’s disease of the breast?

A

Paget cells - large cells in epidermis with clear halo

188
Q

What are some possible complications of Paget’s disease of the breast?

A

Suggests underlying DCIS

189
Q

Diagnose: premenstrual breast pain, multiple breast lumps - often bilateral. Fluctuates in size with mentsrual cycle

A

Fibrocystic disease (breast)

190
Q

The subtypes of fibrocystic disease of the breast are […], […], […], and […].

A

The subtypes of fibrocystic disease of the breast are fibrosis, cystic, sclerosing adenosis, and epithelial hyperplasia.

191
Q

What is the etiology of acute mastitis?

A

Most commonly S. aureus infection

192
Q

What are the risk factors for acute mastitis?

A

Breast feeding

193
Q

What is the etiology of fat necrosis (breast)?

A

Fat necrosis and saponification following trauma (often mild or unremarkable trauma)

194
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of fat necrosis (breast)?

A

Painless breast lump

195
Q

What is the etiology of gynecomastia?

A

Hyperestrogenism from any source

196
Q

Diagnose: female-like breast tissue in a male

A

Gynecomastia

197
Q

What is the etiology of prostatitis?

A

Acute - bacterial infection Chronic - usually sterile

198
Q

Diagnose: in male: dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, low back pain

A

Prostatitis

199
Q

What is the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

Nodular enlargement of the periurethral (lateral and middle) lobes of the prostate, compressing the urethra

200
Q

Diagnose: urinary frequency, nocturia, difficulty starting/stopping flos, dysuria

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

201
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

Increased: free prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

202
Q

What is the treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

α1-antagonists (terazosin, tamsulosin); finasteride

203
Q

What populations are most at risk for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

men >50 y/o

204
Q

What are some possible complications of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

If untreated may lead to distention and hypertrophy of bladder, hydronephrosis, UTIs

205
Q

What populations are most at risk for prostatic adenocarcinoma?

A

Men > 50 y/o

206
Q

What are some possible complications of prostatic adenocarcinoma?

A

Mets to bone

207
Q

Prostatic adenocarcinoma most often arise from the […] lobe of the prostate.

A

Prostatic adenocarcinoma most often arise from the posterior lobe of the prostate.

208
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in prostatic adenocarcinoma?

A

increased: total PSA decreased: free/total PSA ratio

209
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in cryptorchidism?

A

increased: FSH, LH decreased: inhibin, +/- testosterone (unilateral)

210
Q

What are the risk factors for cryptorchidism?

A

Prematurity

211
Q

What are some possible complications of cryptorchidism?

A

Impaired spermatogenesis, increased risk of germ cell tumors

212
Q

What is the etiology of varicocele?

A

Increased venous pressure leads to dilated veins in pampiniform plaxus

213
Q

Diagnose: scrotal enlargement, bag of worms appearance

A

Varicocele

214
Q

What is the treatment for varicocele?

A

Varicocelectomy, embolization

215
Q

What are some possible complications of varicocele?

A

Infertility

216
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of seminoma (testicle)?

A

Painless, homogenous testicular enlargement

217
Q

What are the characteristic lab findings in seminoma (testicle)?

A

Increased: placental alk phos (PLAP)

218
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of seminoma (testicle)?

A

Large cells in lobules with watery cytoplasn and fried egg appearrance

219
Q

What is the treatment for seminoma (testicle)?

A

Radiotherapy

220
Q

What is the prognosis for seminoma (testicle)?

A

Malignant, but excellent overall prognosis

221
Q

What populations are most at risk for seminoma (testicle)?

A

15-35 y/o

222
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?

A

Gynecomastia

223
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of embryonal carcinoma (testicle)?

A

Painful testicular mass

224
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of embryonal carcinoma (testicle)?

A

Often glandular/papillary; often mixed with other tumor cell types

225
Q

What is the prognosis for embryonal carcinoma (testicle)?

A

Malignant

226
Q

What are the risk factors for embryonal carcinoma (testicle)?

A

Embryonal carcinoma

227
Q

Testicular germ cell tumors are usually […] while testicular non-germ cell tumors are usually […].

A

Testicular germ cell tumors are usually malignant while testicular non-germ cell tumors are usually benign.

228
Q

Testicular germ cell tumors account for […]% while testicular non-germ cell tumors account for […]% of all tumors.

A

Testicular germ cell tumors account for 95% while testicular non-germ cell tumors account for 5% of all tumors.

229
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of Leydig cell tumor?

A

Gynecomastia in men, precocious puberty in boys

230
Q

What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Leydig cell tumor?

A

Reinke crystals

231
Q

What is the etiology of Sertoli cell tumor?

A

Androblastoma from sex cord stroma

232
Q

What is the etiology of testicular lymphoma?

A

Mets from primary lymphoma

233
Q

What is the prognosis for testicular lymphoma?

A

Poor; aggressive

234
Q

What populations are most at risk for testicular lymphoma?

A

Older men

235
Q

Transillumination of the testes can help distinguish […] from […].

A

Transillumination of the testes can help distinguish benign lesions of the tunica vaginalis from testicular cancers.

236
Q

What is the etiology of congenital hydrocele?

A

Incomplete fusion of processus vaginalis leads to fluid build-up in testicle

237
Q

What is the etiology of spermatocele?

A

Dilated epididymal duct

238
Q

What populations are most at risk for squamous cell carcinoma (penis)?

A

Uncircumsized men; Asia, Africa, South America

239
Q

What is the etiology of Peyronie’s disease?

A

Fibrotic tissue formation in penis shaft

240
Q

Diagnose: non-painful, bent penis

A

Peyronie’s disease

241
Q

What is the etiology of priapism?

A

Spinal trauma, sickle cell disease, medications

242
Q

Diagnose: painful, sustained erection not associated with sexual desire or stimulation

A

Priapism

243
Q

What is the pathogenesis of oligohydramnios?

A

Inability to excrete urine

244
Q

What is a general ovarian cancer marker?

A

Elevated CA-125

245
Q

What is the etiology of acquired hydrocele?

A

Benign scrotal fluid collection usually secondary to infection, trauma, tumour (associated with blockage of lymphatic drainage).

246
Q

What are the characteristic features of Bowen’s disease?

A

Gray, solitary, crusty plaque, usually on the shaft of the penis or on the scrotum. Peak incidence in 5th decade of life. Progresses to invasive SCC in

247
Q

What are the characteristic features of Erythroplasia of Queyrat?

A

Red velvety plaques, usually involving the glans.

248
Q

What are the characteristic features of Bowenoid papulosis?

A

Multiple papular lesions. Affects younger age group than other subtypes. Usually does not become invasisve.

Reproductive System (4 decks)

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