Pathology [Repro] Flashcards
Diagnose: male, testicular atrophy, eunuchoid body shape, tall stature, long extremities, gynecomastia, female hair distribution +/- developmental delay
Klinefelter’s syndrome
What are the characteristic lab findings in Klinefelter’s syndrome?
Increased: LH, FSH, oestrogen
Decreased: inhibin, testosterone
What genetic abnormalities are associated with Klinefelter’s syndrome?
XXY
Diagnose: female, short stature, ovarian dysgenesis (streak ovaries), shield chest, bicuspid aortic valve, webbed neck, coarctation of aorta, horshoe kidney, dysgerminonma, lymphedema
Turner syndrome
What are the characteristic lab findings in Turner syndrome?
Increased: LF, FSH
Decreased: estrogen
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Turner syndrome?
No Barr bodies
What genetic abnormalities are associated with Turner syndrome?
XO
Diagnose: male, tall stature, severe acne, antisocial behavior
Double Y syndrome
What genetic abnormalities are associated with Double Y syndrome?
XYY
What is the etiology of female pseudo-hermaphroditism?
Excessive exposure to androgens during gestation
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of female pseudo-hermaphroditism?
Ovaries present, external genitalia virilized or ambiguous
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of male pseudo-hermaphroditism?
Testes present, external genitalia female or ambigious
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of true hermaphroditism?
Both ovarian and testicular tissue present, ambiguous genitalia
What is the etiology of androgen insensitivity syndrome?
Defect in andogen receptor
Diagnose: female external genitalia, rudimentary vagina, internal testes, scant sexual hair
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
What are the characteristic lab findings in androgen insensitivity syndrome?
Increased: testosterone, LH, estrogen
What genetic abnormalities are associated with androgen insensitivity syndrome?
46, XY i.e. normal male
What are the characteristic lab findings in primary hypogonadism?
Increased: LH
Decreased: testosterone
What are the characteristic lab findings in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?
Decreased: LH, testosterone
What are the characteristic lab findings in testosterone-secreting tumor?
Increased: testosterone
Decreased: LH
What are the characteristic lab findings in exogenous steroid use?
Increased: testosterone
Decreased: LH
What is the etiology of Kallmann syndrome?
Defective migration of GnRH cells
Diagnose: anosmia, lack of secondary sex characteristics
Kallmann syndrome
What are the characteristic lab findings in Kallmann syndrome?
Decreased: GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone, sperm count
What is the etiology of complete hydatiform mole?
2 sperm + 1 empty egg
What is the pathogenesis of complete hydatiform mole?
Cystic swelling of chorionic villi and proliferation of chorionic epithelium
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of complete hydatiform mole?
abnormal vaginal bleeding
What are the characteristic lab findings in complete hydatiform mole?
increased: β-hCG
What are the characteristic imaging findings in complete hydatiform mole?
Ultrasound: snowstorm uterus
What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of complete hydatiform mole?
Abnormally enlarged, honeycombed or cluster of grapes uterus
What are some possible complications of complete hydatiform mole?
Most common precursor of choriocarcinoma, uterine rupture
What is the treatment for complete hydatiform mole?
D&C, methotrexate
What is the etiology of partial hydatiform mole?
2 sperm + 1 egg
What is the pathogenesis of partial hydatiform mole?
Cystic swelling of chorionic villi and proliferation of chorionic epithelium
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of partial hydatiform mole?
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
What are the characteristic lab findings in partial hydatiform mole?
Increased: β-hCG
What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of partial hydatiform mole?
“Honeycombed” or “cluster of grapes” uterus
What is the treatment for partial hydatiform mole?
D&C, methotrexate
What genetic abnormalities are associated with partial hydatiform mole?
69, XXX; 69, XXY; 69, XYY
What are some possible complications of partial hydatiform mole?
Most common precursor of choriocarcinoma, uterine rupture
What is the etiology of preeclampsia/eclampsia?
Placental ischemia secondary to high maternal vascular tone
Diagnose: gestational: headache, blurred vision, abdominal pain, edema, AMS, hyperreflexia, +/- seizures
Preeclampsia/eclampsia
What are the characteristic lab findings in preeclampsia/eclampsia?
Increased: hyperuricemia
Decreased: thrombocytopenia
What is the treatment for preeclampsia/eclampsia?
- Delivery ASAP
- Until then, bed rest, treatment of HTN
- IV magnesium sulfate to prevent/treat seizures
What are the risk factors for preeclampsia/eclampsia?
HTN, DM, renal disease, autoimmune disorders
What are some possible complications of preeclampsia/eclampsia?
HELLP syndrome
What is the etiology of HELLP syndrome?
Variant/complication of preeclampsia/eclampsia
What are the characteristic lab findings in HELLP syndrome?
Haemolysis
Increased: liver enzymes
Decreased: platelets
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of abruptio placentae?
Painful bleeding in 3rd trimester
What is the prognosis for abruptio placentae?
Life-threatening for fetus and mother
What are the risk factors for abruptio placentae?
Smoking, HTN, cocaine
What are some possible complications of abruptio placentae?
DIC
What is the etiology of placenta accreta?
Placenta invades beyond decidua and attaches to myometrium
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of placenta accreta?
Massive maternal bleeding at delivery
What are the risk factors for placenta accreta?
Prior C-section, prior placenta previa
What is the etiology of placenta previa?
Placenta attaches near or over internal cervical os
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of placenta previa?
Painless vaginal bleeding during any trimester
What are the risk factors for placenta previa?
Multiparity, prior C-section
What are some possible complications of retained placental tissue?
Postpartum hemorrhage or infection
What is the etiology of ectopic pregnancy?
Zygote implants outside of uterus, usually fallopian tubes
Diagnose: sudden onset abdominal pain, amenorrhea
Ectopic pregnancy
What are the characteristic lab findings in ectopic pregnancy?
Decreased: hCG (compared to expected)
What are the characteristic imaging findings in ectopic pregnancy?
Ultrasound: visible mass
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of ectopic pregnancy?
Endometrium has decidua basalis but no chorionic villi
What are the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy?
PID, hx infertility, ruptured appendix, prior tubal surgery (scar)
What is the etiology of polyhydramnios?
Inability to swallow amniotic fluid
What are the risk factors for polyhydramnios?
Oesophageal or duodenal atresia, anencephaly
What is the physical defect in polyhydramnios?
>1.5 L amniotic fluid
What are the risk factors for oligohydramnios?
Placental insufficiency, bilateral renal agenesis, posterior urethral valve
What are some possible complications of oligohydramnios?
Potter’s sequence
What is the etiology of cervical dysplasia/squamous cell carcinoma?
HPV 16, 18
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of cervical dysplasia/squamous cell carcinoma?
Koilocytes (enlarged, hyperchromatic epithelial cells) on Pap smear.
(normal left, abnormal right)

What are some possible complications of cervical dysplasia/squamous cell carcinoma?
May progress to invasive carcinoma
What are the risk factors for cervical dysplasia/squamous cell carcinoma?
Multiple sexual partners, smoking, early age of first intercourse, HIV infection
What is the etiology of endometritis?
Retained tissue/foreign body in uterus
What is the pathogenesis of endometritis?
Infection and inflammation of endometrium
What is the treatment for endometritis?
Gentamycin + clindamycin +/- ampicillin
What is the etiology of endometriosis?
Retrograde menstrual flow
Diagnose: cyclic menstrual bleeding from non-uterine site, severe menstrual-related pain, painful intercourse, infertility
Endometriosis
What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of endometriosis?
Blood-filled “chocolate cysts”
What is the treatment for endometriosis?
OCP, NSAIDs, leuprolide, danazol
What are the characteristic imaging findings in endometriosis?
Uterus is normal sized
What is the etiology of adenomyosis?
Non-neoplastic endometrial tissue within myometrium
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of adenomyosis?
Menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain
What are the characteristic imaging findings in adenomyosis?
Uterus is enlarged
What is the treatment for adenomyosis?
Hysterectomy
What is the etiology of endometrial hyperplasia?
Usually excess estrogen stimulation
What are the risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia?
Anovulatory cycles, hormone replacement therapy, PCOS, granulosa cell tumor
What are some possible complications of endometrial hyperplasia?
Increased risk for endometrial carcinoma
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia?
Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of endometrial carcinoma?
Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding
What are the risk factors for endometrial carcinoma?
Oestrogen without progestin, obesity, DM, HTN, nulliparity, late menopause
What populations are most at risk for endometrial carcinoma?
55-65 years
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of leiomyoma (fibroid)?
Asymptomatic, abnormal uterine bleeding, miscarriage
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of leiomyoma (fibroid)?
Well-demarcated edges, whorled smooth muscle bundles
What populations are most at risk for leiomyoma (fibroid)?
20-40 years, black race
What is the prognosis for leiomyoma (fibroid)?
Good, does NOT progress to leiomyosarcoma
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of leiomyosarcoma?
Areas of necrosis and hemorrhage
What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of leiomyosarcoma?
Bulky, irregluar shape, may protrude from cervix
What populations are most at risk for leiomyosarcoma?
Black race, middle age
What is the pathogenesis of premature ovarian failure?
Atresia of ovarian follicles
Diagnose: signs of menopause after puberty but before 40
Premature ovarian failure
What are the characteristic lab findings in premature ovarian failure?
Increased: LH, FSH
Decreased: estrogen
What is the etiology of polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?
Deranged LH production and steroid synthesis
Diagnose: amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism, +/- insulin resistance
Polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
What are the characteristic lab findings in polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?
Increased: LH, testosterone, estrogen
Decreased: FSH
What are the characteristic imaging findings in polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?
Enlarged, bilateral, cystic ovaries
What is the treatment for polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?
Weight loss, OCPs or medroxyprogesterone, spironolactone, clomiphene, metformin
What are some possible complications of polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?
Increased risk of endometrial cancer
What is the etiology of follicular cyst?
Distension of unruptured Graafian follicle
What are the characteristic lab findings in follicular cyst?
Increased: estrogen
What are some possible complications of follicular cyst?
Endometrial hyperplasia
What is the etiology of corpus luteum cyst?
Haemorrhage into persistent corpus luteum
What is the prognosis for corpus luteum cyst?
Commonly regresses spontaneously
What is the etiology of theca-lutein cyst?
Gonadotropin stimulation
What are some possible complications of theca-lutein cyst?
Associated with choriocarcinoma and amoles
What is the etiology of hemorrhagic ovarian cyst?
Blood vessel rupture in cyst wall
What is the prognosis for hemorrhagic ovarian cyst?
Usually self-resolves
What is the etiology of endometrioid cyst (chocolate cyst)?
Endometriosis within ovary with cyst formation
What are the characteristic lab findings in dysgerminoma?
Increased: hCG, LDH
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of dysgerminoma?
Sheets of uniform cells
What genetic abnormalities are associated with dysgerminoma?
Turner syndrome (XO)
What is the prognosis for dysgerminoma?
Malignant
What is the etiology of choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?
Malignancy of trophoblast, germ cell tumor
What is the prognosis for choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?
Malignant, early mets to lungs
What are some possible complications of choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?
Associated with theca-lutein cysts
What are the characteristic lab findings in choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?
Increased: hCG
What are the characteristic lab findings in yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?
Increased AFP
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?
Schiller-Duval bodies (resemble glomeruli)

What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?
Yellow, friable solid mass
What populations are most at risk for yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?
Young children
What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of teratoma?
Cystic growths fillled with fat, teeth, hair, bone, cartilage
What is the prognosis for teratoma?
Mature (dermoid cyst) - usually benign
Immature - aggressively malignant
What is the etiology of yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?
Germ cell tumor
What is the etiology of dysgerminoma?
Germ cell tumor
What is the etiology of serous cystadenocarcinoma?
Ovarian tumor
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of serous cystadenocarcinoma?
Psammoma bodies (Psammoma body pictured, but different cancer)

What is the prognosis for serous cystadenocarcinoma?
Malignant
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of mucinous cystadenoma?
Multilocular cyst with mucous secreting epithelium
What is the prognosis for mucinous cystadenoma?
Benign
What is the prognosis for mucinous cystadenocarcinoma?
Malignant
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Brenner tumor?
“Coffee bean” nuclei on H&E

What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of Brenner tumor?
Solid tumor, tan-yellow color, appears encapsulated. Looks like bladder
What is the prognosis for Brenner tumor?
Benign
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of Granulosa cell tumor?
Abnormal uterine bleeding
What are the characteristic lab findings in Granulosa cell tumor?
Increased: estrogen
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Granulosa cell tumor?
Call-Exner bodies - small follicles with eosinophilic secretions

What are some possible complications of Granulosa cell tumor?
Precocious puberty in kids, endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma in adults
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of fibroma?
Pulling sensation in groin
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of fibroma?
Bundles of spindle-shaped fiibroblasts
Diagnose: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax
Meigs’ syndrome
What is the etiology of Krukenberg tumor?
GI malignancy mets to ovaries (adenocarcinoma)
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Krukenberg tumor?
Mucin-secreting signet cells
What is the etiology of vaginal squamous cell carcinoma?
Usually secondary to cervical SCC
GYN tumor incidence in US: […] > […] > […]
GYN tumor incidence in US: endometrial > ovarian > cervical
GYN tumor prognosis: […] > […] > […]
GYN tumor prognosis: endometrial > cervical > ovarian
Worldwide, […] cancer is the most common gynecologic tumor.
Worldwide, cervical cancer is the most common gynecologic tumor.
What are the risk factors for clear cell adenocarcinoma?
Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of sarcoma botyroides?
Spindle shaped tumor cells, desmin +
What populations are most at risk for sarcoma botryoids?
Girls <4 y/o
Diagnose: small, mobile, firm breast mass with sharp edges. Increase in size and tenderness with menstruation and pregnancy.
Fibroademona
What populations are most at risk for fibroademona?
<35 y/o
Diagnose: small breast mass beneath areola, serous or bloody nipple discharge
Intraductal papilloma
What are some possible complications of intraductal papilloma?
Slight increase in risk for carcinoma
Diagnose: large, bulky breast mass; leaf-life projections
Phyllodes tumor
What populations are most at risk for phyllodes tumor?
>60 y/o
What are the risk factors for malignant breast tumor (general)?
Oestrogen exposure: total number of menstrual cycles, early puberty, late first birth, obesity, BRCA1, BRCA2
What populations are most at risk for malignant breast tumor (general)?
Usually postmenopause
What progenitor cell type is associated with malignant breast tumor (general)?
Usually arise from terminal duct lobular unit
The most important prognostic factor for malignant breast cancer is […].
The most important prognostic factor for malignant breast cancer is axillary lymph node involvement.
Some breast cancers overexpress […], […], and […] receptors.
Some breast cancers overexpress oestrogen, progesterone, and HER-2 receptors.
Malignant breast tumors are most often located in the […] quadrant of the breast.
Malignant breast tumors are most often located in the upper-outer quadrant of the breast.
What is the etiology of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?
Arises from ductal hyperplasia
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?
No basement penetration
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of comedocarcinoma?
Noninvasive ductal carcinoma with central caseous necrosis
Diagnose: firm, fibrous, rock-hard breast mass
Invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)?
Sharp margins; small glandular duct-like cells; stellate morphology
What is the prognosis for invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)?
Poor; very invasive
[…] is the worst and most common of all breast cancers.
Invasive ductal carcinoma is the worst and most common of all breast cancers.
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of invasive lobular carcinoma (breast)?
Orderly rows of cells in Indian file
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of medullary carcinoma (breast)?
Fleshy, cellular, lymphocytic infiltrate
What is the prognosis for medullary carcinoma (breast)?
Good
What is the pathogenesis of inflammatory carcinoma (breast)?
Dermal lymphatic invasion by breast carcinoma - blockage of lymphatics
Diagnose: orange peel breast
Inflammatory carcinoma (breast)
What is the prognosis for inflammatory carcinoma (breast)?
Poor
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of Paget’s disease of the breast?
Eczematous patches on areola or nipple
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Paget’s disease of the breast?
Paget cells - large cells in epidermis with clear halo

What are some possible complications of Paget’s disease of the breast?
Suggests underlying DCIS
Diagnose: premenstrual breast pain, multiple breast lumps - often bilateral. Fluctuates in size with mentsrual cycle
Fibrocystic disease (breast)
The subtypes of fibrocystic disease of the breast are […], […], […], and […].
The subtypes of fibrocystic disease of the breast are fibrosis, cystic, sclerosing adenosis, and epithelial hyperplasia.
What is the etiology of acute mastitis?
Most commonly S. aureus infection
What are the risk factors for acute mastitis?
Breast feeding
What is the etiology of fat necrosis (breast)?
Fat necrosis and saponification following trauma (often mild or unremarkable trauma)
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of fat necrosis (breast)?
Painless breast lump
What is the etiology of gynecomastia?
Hyperestrogenism from any source
Diagnose: female-like breast tissue in a male
Gynecomastia
What is the etiology of prostatitis?
Acute - bacterial infection Chronic - usually sterile
Diagnose: in male: dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, low back pain
Prostatitis
What is the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Nodular enlargement of the periurethral (lateral and middle) lobes of the prostate, compressing the urethra
Diagnose: urinary frequency, nocturia, difficulty starting/stopping flos, dysuria
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
What are the characteristic lab findings in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Increased: free prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
What is the treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
α1-antagonists (terazosin, tamsulosin); finasteride
What populations are most at risk for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
men >50 y/o
What are some possible complications of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
If untreated may lead to distention and hypertrophy of bladder, hydronephrosis, UTIs
What populations are most at risk for prostatic adenocarcinoma?
Men > 50 y/o
What are some possible complications of prostatic adenocarcinoma?
Mets to bone
Prostatic adenocarcinoma most often arise from the […] lobe of the prostate.
Prostatic adenocarcinoma most often arise from the posterior lobe of the prostate.
What are the characteristic lab findings in prostatic adenocarcinoma?
increased: total PSA decreased: free/total PSA ratio
What are the characteristic lab findings in cryptorchidism?
increased: FSH, LH decreased: inhibin, +/- testosterone (unilateral)
What are the risk factors for cryptorchidism?
Prematurity
What are some possible complications of cryptorchidism?
Impaired spermatogenesis, increased risk of germ cell tumors
What is the etiology of varicocele?
Increased venous pressure leads to dilated veins in pampiniform plaxus
Diagnose: scrotal enlargement, bag of worms appearance
Varicocele
What is the treatment for varicocele?
Varicocelectomy, embolization
What are some possible complications of varicocele?
Infertility
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of seminoma (testicle)?
Painless, homogenous testicular enlargement
What are the characteristic lab findings in seminoma (testicle)?
Increased: placental alk phos (PLAP)
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of seminoma (testicle)?
Large cells in lobules with watery cytoplasn and fried egg appearrance
What is the treatment for seminoma (testicle)?
Radiotherapy
What is the prognosis for seminoma (testicle)?
Malignant, but excellent overall prognosis
What populations are most at risk for seminoma (testicle)?
15-35 y/o
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?
Gynecomastia
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of embryonal carcinoma (testicle)?
Painful testicular mass
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of embryonal carcinoma (testicle)?
Often glandular/papillary; often mixed with other tumor cell types
What is the prognosis for embryonal carcinoma (testicle)?
Malignant
What are the risk factors for embryonal carcinoma (testicle)?
Embryonal carcinoma
Testicular germ cell tumors are usually […] while testicular non-germ cell tumors are usually […].
Testicular germ cell tumors are usually malignant while testicular non-germ cell tumors are usually benign.
Testicular germ cell tumors account for […]% while testicular non-germ cell tumors account for […]% of all tumors.
Testicular germ cell tumors account for 95% while testicular non-germ cell tumors account for 5% of all tumors.
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of Leydig cell tumor?
Gynecomastia in men, precocious puberty in boys
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Leydig cell tumor?
Reinke crystals

What is the etiology of Sertoli cell tumor?
Androblastoma from sex cord stroma
What is the etiology of testicular lymphoma?
Mets from primary lymphoma
What is the prognosis for testicular lymphoma?
Poor; aggressive
What populations are most at risk for testicular lymphoma?
Older men
Transillumination of the testes can help distinguish […] from […].
Transillumination of the testes can help distinguish benign lesions of the tunica vaginalis from testicular cancers.
What is the etiology of congenital hydrocele?
Incomplete fusion of processus vaginalis leads to fluid build-up in testicle
What is the etiology of spermatocele?
Dilated epididymal duct
What populations are most at risk for squamous cell carcinoma (penis)?
Uncircumsized men; Asia, Africa, South America
What is the etiology of Peyronie’s disease?
Fibrotic tissue formation in penis shaft
Diagnose: non-painful, bent penis
Peyronie’s disease
What is the etiology of priapism?
Spinal trauma, sickle cell disease, medications
Diagnose: painful, sustained erection not associated with sexual desire or stimulation
Priapism
What is the pathogenesis of oligohydramnios?
Inability to excrete urine
What is a general ovarian cancer marker?
Elevated CA-125
What is the etiology of acquired hydrocele?
Benign scrotal fluid collection usually secondary to infection, trauma, tumour (associated with blockage of lymphatic drainage).
What are the characteristic features of Bowen’s disease?
Gray, solitary, crusty plaque, usually on the shaft of the penis or on the scrotum. Peak incidence in 5th decade of life. Progresses to invasive SCC in
What are the characteristic features of Erythroplasia of Queyrat?
Red velvety plaques, usually involving the glans.
What are the characteristic features of Bowenoid papulosis?
Multiple papular lesions. Affects younger age group than other subtypes. Usually does not become invasisve.