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Pathology Random Facts Flashcards

1
Q

What does FGF do?

A

Stimulates angiogenesis

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2
Q

What does EGF do?

A

Stimulates cell growth via tyrosine kinases (e.g., EGFR, as expressed by ERB2)

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3
Q

What causes keloid scars?

A

Persistently elevated TGF-beta causing increased fibroblast proliferation and activity

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4
Q

Difference between coagulative and liquefactive necrosis?

A

Coagulative is caused by ischemia/infarcts in most tissues except the brain, which is liquefactive. In coagulative, proteins denature, then enzymes are degraded. In liquefactive, enzymes are degraded first, then proteins denature.

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5
Q

What does hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy affect?

A

Pyramidal cells of hippocampus and Purkinje cells of cerebellum

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6
Q

Where does calcium normally deposit in metastatic calcification and why?

A

In interstitial tissues of kidney, lung, and gastric mucosa, because these tissues lose acid quickly and increased pH favors deposition

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7
Q

Describe the steps and molecules in leukocyte extravasation

A
  1. Margination and rolling- E/P-selectin with Sialyl-Lewis, 2. Tight-binding- ICAM1/VCAM1 with CD11/18 interns or VLA-4 integrin, 3. Diapedesis PECAM-1 on both, 4. Migration- C5a, chalkier, LTB4, IL-8, platelet-activating factor
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8
Q

What type of collagen is involved in wound healing?

A

Initially type III, which is replaced by type I collagen, which increases the tensile strength of the tissue

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9
Q

What cells and factors are involved in granulomas?

A

Th1 cells secrete IFN-gamma, which activates macrophages, and IL-2. TNF-alpha from macrophages induces and maintains granuloma formation.

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10
Q

What are some diseases that could cause a decreased ESR?

A

Sickle cell anemia (altered shape), polycythemia (increased RBCs “dilute” aggregation factors), HF, microcytosis, hypofibrinogenemia

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11
Q

Primary amyloidosis

A

AL, deposition of Ig light chains

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12
Q

Secondary amyloidosis

A

AA, seen in chronic inflammatory conditions, fibrils composed of serum Amyloid A

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13
Q

Cause of dialysis-related amyloid

A

Beta-2-microglobulin

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14
Q

Cause of heritable amyloidosis

A

Transthyretin gene mutation

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15
Q

Cause of age-related (senile) amyloidosis

A

Deposition of normal (wild-type) transthyretin

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16
Q

Thyroid gland amyloid

A

Calcitonin

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17
Q

Alzheimers amyloid

A

beta-amyloid (from APP)

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18
Q

Pituitary amyloid

A

Prolactin

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19
Q

Pancreas amyloid

A

Amylin

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20
Q

Amyloid in DM2

A

Islet amyloid polypeptide

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21
Q

What is lipofuscin

A

A yellow-brown “wear and tear” pigment associated with normal aging

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22
Q

What is p-glycoprotein?

A

AKA multi drug resistance protein 1. Used to pump out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents. Classically in adrenal cell carcinoma

23
Q

What is desmoplasia?

A

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm (eg, linitis plastica in diffuse stomach cancer)

24
Q

What is choristoma

A

Normal tissue in a foreign location

25
Q

What cancer is dermato- and polymyositis associated with?

A

Predispose to visceral malignancies, particularly GI

26
Q

What should you think of with sudden multiple seborrheic keratoses?

A

GI, breast, lung, and lymphoid malignancies

27
Q

Mutation in Li Fraumenti syndrome

A

p53

28
Q

What do autoimmune diseases predispose you to?

A

Lymphoma

29
Q

What is alkaline phosphatase a tumor marker for?

A

Metastases to bone or liver, Paget disease of bone, summon (placental ALP)

30
Q

What is alpha-fetoprotein a tumor marker for?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, yolk sac tumor, mixed germ cell tumor

31
Q

What is beta-HCG a tumor marker for?

A

Hydatidiform moles and Choriocarcinoma, testicular cancer, mixed germ cell tumor

32
Q

What is CA 15-3/CA 27-29 a tumor marker for?

A

Breast cancer

33
Q

What is chromogranin a tumor marker for?

A

Neuroendocrine tumors/carcinoid

34
Q

What is S100 a tumor marker for?

A

Melanoma

35
Q

What is the associated cancer for HTLV-1?

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

36
Q

What is the associated tumor or the liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis)

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

37
Q

When do you see Psammoma bodies?

A

Papillary carcinoma of thyroid, serous papillary cystuadenocarcinoma of ovary, meningioma, and malignant mesothelioma

38
Q

Which carcinomas spread hematogenously?

A

RCC, HCC, follicular carcinoma of the thyroid, and choriocarcinoma

39
Q

Classic finding in carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Cherry red skin

40
Q

Which form of iron cannot bind oxygen

A

Fe 3+

41
Q

Cyanosis with chocolate-colored blood

A

Methemoglobinemia

42
Q

Treatment for methemoglobinemia

A

Methylene blue, which helps reduce Fe3 back to Fe2+

43
Q

What causes fat necrosis?

A

Fatty acids released by trauma (eg to breast) or lipase (eg, pancreatitis) join with calcium via a process called saponification

44
Q

What does calcium deposit on in dystrophic calcification?

A

Necrotic tissue!

45
Q

What breaks down the DNA in apoptosis?

A

Endonucleases

46
Q

What is the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

A

Intrinsic-inactivation of Bcl2 allows cytochrome c to leak from the inner mitochondrial matrix into the cytoplasm and activate cascades; extrinsic- FAS ligand binds FAS death receptor (CD95) activating caspases, OR TNF binding

47
Q

What leads to a continued rise in cardiac enzymes after reperfusion of infarctes myocardial tissue?

A

Return of blood results in production of O2 derived free radicals causing tissue damage

48
Q

How is arachidonic acid released from the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipase A2

49
Q

Which complement parts are anaphylatoxins?

A

C3b and c5a

50
Q

What is Hageman factor?

A

Factor XII. Activates coagulation, complement, and kinin system

51
Q

How is fever caused?

A

Pyrogens (eg LPS from bacteria) cause macrophages to release IL-1 and TNF, which increase cyclooxygenase activity in peri vascular cells of the hypothalamus. Increased PGE2 raises temp set point

52
Q

What causes leukocyte adhesion deficiency?

A

Most commonly and autosomal recessive defect of integrins (CD18 subunit)

53
Q

How is Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic

A

Prevents cytochrome C release by binding and inhibiting Apaf-1. Apaf normally induces the activation of caspases

54
Q

What is fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Immune complexes combine with fibrin and cause vessel wall damage

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