Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CPR 2 Exam 2 > Pathology Of The Respiratory System PART 2 - Dr. Singh > Flashcards

Pathology Of The Respiratory System PART 2 - Dr. Singh Flashcards

1
Q

Age most high prevalence of pneumonia needing hospitalization

A

18-64yo
= can cause sepsis and shock
Leading cause of death in children under 5yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bronchopneumonia vs lobar pneumonia

A

Bronchopneumonia: spread through airway and effect areas that airway goes to
Lobar pneumonia: effects the lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 stages of lobar pneumonia

A
  1. Congestion : due to Blood buildup and
  2. Red Hepatization : inflammatory cells and RBCs going into alveolar space (filling with blood) ——> looks like a red liver
  3. Grey Hepatization : inflammation and debri is left , Blood leaves side no more inflammatory cells needed) ——> looks like a grey liver
  4. Resolution : M clean and some fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 complications of Lobar pneumonia

A
  1. Abscess (c shaped or circular wall white , inside is white on bottom with air-fluid line on CXR)
  2. Empyema (bacteria invading into pleural space)
  3. Baceremia (bacteria invade into BVs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the community acquired bacterial pneumonia MOST common and some others

A
  1. Streptococcus Pneumonia
  2. H. Influenzae
  3. S. Aureus
  4. K. Pneumoniae
  5. P. Aeruginosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Streptococcus Pneumonia looks like Ab

A

Gram + diploccoi (pairs in chains) looks like a spear head
= most common community acquired pneumonia
= vaccines are given in > 65yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Haemophilus influenzae Pneumonia

A

Bacteria with high virulence in children

Vaccine in children under 5yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Steph Aureus

A

Abscess formation in lung

IV drug users

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Klebsiella Pneumonia

A

Alcoholics ——> aspirations

Current Jelly Sputum (hemorrhage + mucous = coughed up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Viral influenza in children

A

Cause bacterial haemophilus influenza to come and is what actually causes fatal SXs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa who, and associated with

A

Another CAP
= CF are prone to it usually by age 10yo
= green rusty looking, grape like smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Typical pneumonia

A

= fast onset
= resp sx
= consolidation on a lobe seen on CXR
= children and older adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Atypical Pneumonia

A

= slow onset
= systemic SXs
= patchy infiltrates on CXR
= young adults, teens, older children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Typical pneumonia microorganisms

A
  1. Strep Pneumonia
  2. H. Influenza
  3. S. Aureus
  4. K. Pneumonia
  5. P. Aeruginosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Atypical Pneumonia microorganisms

A
  1. Mycoplasma Pneumonia
  2. Legionella Pneumophilia
  3. Chlamydia pneumonia
  4. Chlamydia Psittaci
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mycoplasma Pneumonia looks like and what it does

A

Small tiny no cell wall organisms that can travel down far in the airway
= walking pneumonia
= no gram charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Legionella Pneumophilia type of organism and where it is found

A 
Gram - bacillus growing in WARM FRESH WATERS 
= air conditions 
= Misters
= Hot Tubs 
(Airborne)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Community - Acquired Viral pneumonia 4 of them

A
  1. H1N1 Influenza
  2. SARS
  3. COVID-19
  4. Respiratory Syncytial Virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Viral pneumonia doesn’t what usually on CXR

A

Diffuse and all over usually not lobar and in one space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bacterial pneumonia does what to lung tissue

A

Destruction of lung parenchyma and infiltration on N and many RBCs into alveolar space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Viral Pneumonia does what to lung tissues

A

Lymphocytes and plasmacytosis into interstitial spaces all around the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 proteins of the Influenza

A
  1. Hemagglutinin = attachment to cells
  2. Neuraminidase= release of virus from cell and replication
    = these are the variants between the strains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tamiflu is what

A

Oseltamivir
= BLOCKS Neuraminidase (cutting virus off the cell to go one a bind and replicate on other cells)
= the Haemagglutinin is stuck on the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Influenza SX

A

Body aches, chills, headache, fever, fast onset = which is not seen as much in colds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Antigenic SHIFT vs Antigenic DRIFT in influenza

A

SHIFT : EPIDEMIC , minor changes in neuramidase and haemugglutin proteins
= you still have some immunity
DRIFT : PANDEMICS , huge genomic alterations in H and N proteins and creates a virus that is completely new to body
= usually from animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

H1N1 influenza caused what

A

Antigenic drift causing the Spanish Flu ( from bird)
H2N2 = Asian flu
H3N2 = Hong Kong flu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fastest replicating virus is what type of route and which dies ease is it linked to

A

ssRNA +

= SARS and COVID -19 (SARS-Co-2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

COVID-19 enters body how and what happens

A

Binds to ACE2 Receptors in gut and lungs

  1. Cytokines storm
  2. Damage and pulmonary edema (ALSO IN ARDS)
  3. DVT prone pts —> PE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

COVID lung histology

A

Hyaline membrane from fibrin and edema and inflammation
= alveoli fill up with cells and blood (like in bacterial pneumonia——> it came from COVID) as seen in viral influenza in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Coagulation in lungs for COVID

A

Microthrombi in lungs = deadly
Megakaryocytes (not supposed to be in circulation however cause platelets microcoagulation in COVID) ——> microthrombi in heart and lungs and other vessels in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Neonatal most common pneumonia

A

Bacterial (Group B Streptpcoccal, gram - bacilli, Listeria)

= from mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Children over 1mo most common pneumonia

A

VIRAL : Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Parainfluenza influenza A + B, Adenovirus, Rhinovirus
BACTERIAL : Strep Pneumonia, H. Influenzae, M. Catarrhalis, S. Aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Older children and adolescents most common type of pneumonia

A

M. Pneumonia , C. Pneumonia (Walking pneumonia)

= not as much RSV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Groups of Strep for diseases

A

Group A Streptococcus Pharyngitis : Rheumatic Fever
Group A B-Hemolytic Streptococcus : Lymphangitis
Group B Streptococcus : Neonatal Pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

RSV type of virus and looks like

A

Paramyxovirus

= multinucleated (inclusion bodies inside)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

RSV SX

A 
Babies come in with
= cough, runny nose
= wheezing, dyspnea
= Tachy
= cyanosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

RSV what happens in the lung

A

Thickening of walls of bronchus and mucous buildup

= damaging respiratory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What can also look like the multinucleated syncytial bodies in RSV

A

Human Metapneumovirus
Parainfluenza
Measles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Presentations of BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA 5

A
  1. Fast onset, not airborne unless (Legionella or Pertussis), not easily spread as much
  2. HIGH FEVER
  3. Crackles in lung
  4. Lobar Consolidations seen
  5. Can go into pleura
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Presentations of VIRAL PNEUMONIA 6

A
  1. Slow onset
  2. Commonly spread easily (airborne)
  3. Low fever
  4. Wheezes in lung
  5. Diffuse infiltration in CXR
  6. Not usually in pleural cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which microorganisms can cause lung abscess

A
  1. S. Aureus
  2. K. Pneumonia
  3. Anaerobic bacteria (since they like to get walled off)
    (Also in chronic alcoholism —> aspirations)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

lung abscess most common location

A

Right middle or lower lobes (after carina the slope of RIGTH bronchus is more steep)
(CLASSIC ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

TB infection Primary lesion is called what

A

Ghon complex = 1st caseating complex (in the periphery and hilum that it’s connected to) of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Miliary TB

A

As TB gets access to the Blood stream they disseminate and go the liver and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Ceseating granuloma has what special cells around the granuloma and how do you stain for this and what do you seen in the stain

A

Giant multinucleated cells

Acid Fast : blue background and red/purple lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

4 causes of granulomas in the lung

A
  1. TB
  2. Sarcoidosis
  3. Hypersensitivity pneumonia
  4. Vasculitis (GPA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Chronic Pneumonia most common fungal causes

A

Histoplasma
Blastomycosis
Coccidiomycosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Histoplasma where and what does it do

A

Midwest and Caribbean (ohio, Mississippi River valley)
= in lungs granulomas form ——> calcifications and coin lesions in cxr, however no real sx
= can be aggressive in immunocompromized (chronic pneumonia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Histoplasma looks like what on histology

A

Pumpkin seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Blastomyces dermatitides location and what does it do

A

Central and SE US (Ohio, Mississippi River valley)
= granulomas in lung
= can infect skin
= immunocompromized can get chronic pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Blastomyces dermatitides looks like what on histology

A

Broad Based Budding (2 circles that look like they are budding that are tightly attached to each other)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Coccidiodes immitis location and what does it do

A

SW US and Mexico
= lung granulomas + high Eosinophils
= self -limited pneumonia
= can become disseminated infection esp immunocompromized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Coccidiodes immitis looks like what

A

Perfect round circle with a bunch of smaller circles inside it (plasmocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Most common pneumonia causes in HIV patients

A 
Pneumocystis Jiroveci (carinii) 
CMV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Pneumocystis Jiroveci is what and what happens

A

Fungal infection
= AIDS get pneumonia
= very elderly and immunocompromized pts can also

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Pneumocystis Jiroveci looks like what on histology

A

Cup shaped yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Cytomegalovirus is what and does what and what it looks like on histology

A
  1. Viral infection = Bid Cell Virus
  2. Pneumonia in immunocompromized
  3. Cowdry image (like an eyeball, one of the owl eyes, you see virus in nucleus + cytoplasm)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Mycobacterium Adium Complex (MAC) is what and stain for it

A

Immuocompromized and pneumonia

= mycobacterium in acid fast stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

After transplantation of lungs how can you see if they are rejecting the lungs or infection of lungs

A

REJECTION = mononuclear infiltrates of lymphocytes = give steroids
INFECTION fungal or viral = you see the organism = treat that and lower steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Lung cancer is associated with what

A 
= tobacco smoking
= Radiation 
= uranium 
= asbestos 
= radon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Gene protecting from lung cancer

A

Polymorphism in P450 (DNA repair genes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

SCC effects what cells in the lung and what genes are associated with it

A

Basal cell——> ciliated cells (Bronchous most proximal)

SOX2, NOTCH, CDKN2A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Small Cell carcinoma effects what cells in the lung and what genes are associated with it

A

Neuroendocrine cells (thought out the respiratory epithelium)
= TP53
=RB1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Adenocarcinoma effects what cells in the lung and what genes are associated with it

A

Type 2 alveolar cells
= EGRF-RAS pathway (K-RAS, B-catenin)
= sometimes p53 also

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Smoking usually cause what lung cancers

A

SCC

Small Cell Carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Most common lung cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Adenocarcinoma first stage and what is the characteristics of this stage

A

Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia (AAH)
= <5mm, dysplastic pneumocytes present in alveoli
= some interstitial fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Adenocarcinoma second stage and what is the characteristics of this stage

A

Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)
= <3cm bronchioalveolar carcinoma
= dysplastic pneumocytes growing along alveoli (making a wall)

69
Q

Adenocarcinoma 3rd stage and what is the characteristics of this stage

A

Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma
= metastatic glands
= most common type of lung cancer in smokers and non-smokers
= IDENTIFY THIS since it has a treatment

70
Q

Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma dx

A

Stain with + TTF-1

71
Q

Mutinous Adenocarcinoma what is it and it looks like what

A

Grow along the wall of the alveoli however longer then in AIS
= can look exactly like pneumonia on CXR
= deadly pneumonia

72
Q

SCC stages and each stage looks like after cilia have been destroyed

A
  1. Squamous Metaplasia : basal layer is abnormal only then the flat cells on top are normal
  2. Squamous Carcinoma in Situ : all cells are round and abnormal more vertical looking
  3. Squamous invasive
73
Q

How to identify SCC on histology

A

Keratin pearls (pink pearl with swollen big cells inside and around it)

74
Q

SCC on cytology

A

Orange cytoplasm = keratin

= Big cells

75
Q

SCC prevalence and location

A

Men, smokers,

= centrally locations more from the airways

76
Q

TNM

A 
T = tumorsize
N = LNs involved
M = metastasis to how many distant locations
77
Q

Most common SX of lung tumor

A
  1. cough
  2. Hemoptysis
  3. Chest pain
  4. Pneumonia = (tumor invading airway) look at CT scan if smoker
  5. Hoarseness = recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion
78
Q

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma prevalence and what it does

A

= heavy smokers and older pts
= very deadly (5% 5 year survival)
= can metastasize to brain and neural involvement

79
Q

Small cell carcinoma histology looks like what

A

nuclear molding = crowding of cells into like a subway look (looks like nuclei combining and making a rocket ship)
= a lot of necrosis
= many blue nuclei crowing

80
Q

Small cell carcinoma TX

A

Surgical excision only if not reached LN

Chemo and radiation = high response only high recurrence rate

81
Q

Small cell carcinoma DX

A
  1. Nuclear molding + necrosis
  2. Neural involvement if that sage has happened
  3. CD56 for all neurocarcinomas
82
Q

Adenocarcinoma TX (dont need to know specific pathways and drugs)

A

Molecular Testing

  1. EGFR (HER1 receptor) BLOCKER of receptor for this pathway (ERLOTINIB)
  2. ALK-EML4 BLOCKER of the gene fusion (Crizotinib)
  3. PDL-1 (block tumor from evading immune system with CTLA4 or PD1) (PEMBROLIZUMAB)
83
Q

What to look for when TX Adenocarcinoma

A
  1. EGFR unregulated pathway expression yes or no
  2. ALK rearrangement yes or no
  3. PD-1 expression (getting away from immune system)
  4. CTLA-4 expression (getting away from immune system)
84
Q

SCC and agents for tx

A

Don’t use VEGF inhibitors = They can bleed due to their location so close to BVs

85
Q

SSC Paraneoplastic syndrome it is associated with

A

PTH release causing HYPERCALCEMIA = mental changes and EKG changes

86
Q

Small cell carcinoma paraneoplastic syndromes it is associated with

A
  1. ADH secretion = SIADH (weakness, confusion, hyponatremia)

2. ACTH secretion = Atypical Cushing Syndrome (non obese, striae since it’s so fat onset), edema, HTN, hyperglycemia)

87
Q

Horners Syndrome is what

A

Apex of lung tumor that invades into sympathetic trunk = oculosympathetic palsy

88
Q

Horners Syndrome sx

A
  1. Enophthalmos = sunken eyeball
  2. Ptosis = drooping eyelid
  3. Miosis = constricted pupil
  4. Anhydrosis = no sweating on that side of the face
  5. Arm parasthesia = pain, wasting in arm due to brachial plexus constriction
89
Q

4 Neuroendocrine tumors

A
  1. Small cell carcinoma
  2. Carcinoid tumor
  3. Atypical Carcinoid tumor
  4. Precursor Lesion : DIPNECH (Diffuse Interstitial Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia)
90
Q

DIPNECH is what and how to see this

A

= high resolution CT needed
= very small nodules < 5mm (hyperplasia)
= NOT risk factor

91
Q

Carcinoid tumor is what

A 
5mm < *
Can metastasize (in lung and SI), Grade 1
92
Q

Carcinoid Tumor histology

A

Larger tumor with Neuroendocrine cells (round with purple cytoplasm)

93
Q

Atypical Carcinoid tumor

A

Grade 2*
1. grow fast (the Neuroendocrine purple round cells)
2. Necrosis (pink spots)
= higher change to metastasize

94
Q

Grade 3 Neuroendocrine carcinoma

A

Small cell carcinoma

95
Q

Carcinoid syndrome

A

Any grade Neuroendocrine carcinoma can give you this (also seen in GI)

  • flushing
  • D
  • Cyanosis
96
Q

5 year survival grade 1,2,3

A

Carcinoid tumor = 95%
Atypical carcinoid tumor = 70%
Small Cell carcinoma = 5%

97
Q

Multiple huge tumors all over lungs seen on CT scan what do you suspect

A

Not primary tumor

= metastatic from other place (testicular, melanoma) even in young pts

98
Q

Pulmonary hamartoma what Is it and risk + CT Scan

A

Benign
= ball of hyaline cartilage and mixed cells
= coin lesion on CT

99
Q

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) what is this

A

= perivascular epithelioid cell growth (PEC-oma)

= crest cystic spaces

100
Q

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) associated with what

A

Tuberous sclerosis

101
Q

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) DX + gene

A

Stain with melanoma markers = HMB-45

= loss of function of TSC2 gene

102
Q

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) prevalence

A

Young women

103
Q

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) risks

A

The cystic spaces that are made grow and expand so much they can cause pneumothorax

104
Q

pleural effusion of CT

A

You see fluid on the posterior side since they are laying down

105
Q

Transudate pleural effusion what and exs

A 
FLUID ONLY
= higher hydrostatic p 
1. HF
2. Nephrotic syndrome 
3. Cirrhosis
106
Q

Exudative Pleural effusion what and exs

A

PROTEIN FLUID CELLS (inflammation)

  1. PE
  2. Lung infection
  3. Lung malignancy
  4. CT problem (SLE, RA)
  5. Pancreatitis
107
Q

Bloody effusion from pleural effusion

A

Metastatic cancer

108
Q

Transparent effusion from pleural effusion

109
Q

Milky white effusion from pleural effusion

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma obstructing the thoracic duct or any other cause of thoracic duct obstruction

110
Q

Empyema

A

Can happen from inflammation BACTERIAL = thick and pussy exudate (Webs of trapped fluid = LOCULATIONS)

111
Q

Empyema tx

A

Surgery to clear the loculations so fluid can be cleared and tx works

112
Q

Spontaneous pneumothorax cause and prevalence

A

Usually younger pts

= rupture of subpleural blebs ——> introducing air into pleural space

113
Q

Secondary Pneumothorax what are causes 4

A
  1. Cystic infection (PCP = pneumocystis pneumonia)
  2. Cystic tumor
  3. Positive Pressure ventilation
  4. Trauma
114
Q

Tension Pneumothorax

A

Injury to chest wall causing in air to flow into pleural space every time you inspire only it cant get out (since you expand your chest when you inhale) = more and more air comes in to pleural space ——> pushes all other organs aside

115
Q

Tension pneumothorax tx

A

Stick a needle in (needle decompression) and the air flows out

116
Q

Solitary Fibrous Tumor what is it and histology

A

TUMOR IN PLEURAL CAVITY
Fibroblast tumor = benign (small and pendunculated)
= staghorn looking

117
Q

Solitary fibrous tumor risks

A

Can get really large and behave like sarcomas

118
Q

Solitary Fibrous Tumor tx and stain

A

CD34

Remove them since they are benign

119
Q

Mesothelioma associated with what and who

A 
TUMOR IN PLEURAL CAVITY, can invade into lung 
Asbestos exposure 
= shipworker, steam pipes
= construction worker, insulation’s 
Can happen decades after exposure
120
Q

Types of Mesothelioma and stain

A

Epithelioid, sarcomatoid, mixed , STAIN CALRETININ

In TTF-1 —> adenocarcinoma

121
Q

Mesothelioma histology you can see

A

Looks like Adenocarcinoma with glands and cells

+ you can see ferruginous bodies (asbestos bodies)

122
Q

Mesothelioma TX

A

Most pts don’t survive 2years, not responsive to chemo or radiation as much, can’t be removed surgically

123
Q

Inflammatory Sinonasal Polyps are what

A

Edema (infectious) OR Eosinophilis (allergic) in polyp of the stroma
= histology is light color

124
Q

2 ways to obstruct the nasals cavity

A
  1. Empyema : mucous and bacterial secretions accumulate obstructing
  2. Mucocele : mucous secreting glands forms and secrete purulent material in the cavity made
125
Q

Bacterial sinusitis of maxillary sinus can happen how

A

From oral flora from dental procedures

126
Q

Ethmoid sinusitis can cause what

A

Periorbital cellulitis

127
Q

Frontal sinusitis can cause what

A
  1. Meningitis

2. Epidural abscess, brain abscess, subdural abscess

128
Q

Allergic Fungal sinusitis

A

Aspergillus that causes allergic type reaction when it enters nasal cavities
Eosinophils come and try to get rid of them —> Chacoidlinar crystals form

129
Q

Aspergillosis can cause what

A

Mycetoma = fungal ball (you see acute angle sepae

130
Q

Acute invasive sinusitis who and from what

A

Zygomycosis (Murcor)
DM or immunocompromized
= EMERGENCY IV TX

131
Q

Acute Invasive sinusitis can cause what and to and what does it look like on histology*

A

Spread to brain or sepsis
= IV Anti-fungals
= deadly
= non-septal hyphae**

132
Q

GPA (granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wagner’s) sx subtle

A
  1. Nasal ulceration or necrosis or perforations

2. Can effect kidneys and lungs

133
Q

GPA histology

A

Necrobiotic necrosis : blue (blast of inflammation killing all vascular cells)

134
Q

Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma what is it and histology

A

Polyploid mass growing in nasal tissue

HIST : penile tissue resembling, fibrous + vascular polyp

135
Q

Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma what can happen and associated with

A

bleeding + recur however is benign

= Familial Adenomatous Polyposis* (Adenomatous polyps in colon —> carcinoma by middle age, APC gene), IN YOUNG PTS

136
Q

Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma prevalence

A

Young fair skin and light hair / red hair males

137
Q

Sinonasal (SCHNEIDERIAN) Papilloma prevalence and associated with

A

Middle age men

HPV

138
Q

Sinonasal (SCHNEIDERIAN) Papilloma 3 types

A
  1. Exophytic : grows outward
  2. Endophytic : grows inward and can become a carcinoma *
  3. Oncocytic : cells are different type
139
Q

Olfactory neuroblastoma histology and prevalence

A

Small round blue tumor cells (Roset formation can happen kind of like a bulls eye looking thing with light pink in middle the white around then blue cells around)

Adolescence and middle age (2 age peaks)

140
Q

Olfactory neuroblastoma is what

A

Neuroectoderm in superior nasal passage (Neuroendocrine tumor)
= malignant

141
Q

Olfactory neuroblastoma on CT

A

Dumb-bell shaped ( first grows down, then penetrates cribriform plate and grows up towards brain)

142
Q

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma is what and sx

A

SCC from nasopharynx only no real sx

NECK LN metastasis —> when sx form very enlarged LN

143
Q

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma risk factors and prevalence

A
  1. EBV*
  2. Chinese, Southeast Asian adults (smoked fish with nitrosamines)
  3. African children
144
Q

EBV is associated with what malignancies

A

Burkitts

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma

145
Q

EBV stain

146
Q

Vocal Cord Nodules are what

A

SINGERS NODULES
= edematous soft polyp on vocal cords
(Happens as a reactions, not true neoplasm) singers can get these

147
Q

Laryngeal squamous Papilloma what is it and location

A

Benign squamous neoplasm with small papillary masses on VOCAL CORDS and can extend down the airway
(RARE malignant forming)

148
Q

Laryngeal squamous Papilloma associated with what 2 things

A
  1. HPV 6 and 11

2. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis

149
Q

Laryngeal squamous Papilloma can cause what

A

Cysts of air trapped in lungs

150
Q

Laryngeal squamous Papilloma prevalence

A

BABIES TO Mother’s under 20yo , vaginal delivery, 1st born (get HPV 6,11)
Adolescents , children

151
Q

Laryngeal carcinoma is what

A

SCC in larynx

152
Q

Laryngeal carcinoma prevalence and associated with what risks

A

Men over 60yo
= alcohol
= smoking
= HPV

153
Q

Laryngeal carcinoma looks like

A

Ulcerative lesion

154
Q

Otitis Media caused by what 3 organism

A
  1. Streptococcus pneumonia
  2. Moraxella Catarrhalis
  3. Haemophilus Influenza
155
Q

Chronic Otitis Media is caused by what and who

A

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in DM

156
Q

Cholesteatoma happens how

A

Chronic otitis media causes cystic lesion that invaginate into the epithelium
= keratin gets trapped inside
= can enlarge and erode adjacent bone
= looks like a large zit in the ear

157
Q

Otosclerosis is what

A

Bony deposits in the stapedial footplate

158
Q

Otosclerosis sx and hesitance

A

Conductive hearing loss

AD (familal deafness)

159
Q

Otosclerosis tx

A

Remove the bone and replace it

160
Q

Brachial Cyst is what

A 
Stratified squamous (full of keratin) or respiratory epithelium cyst that forms from 2nd BRANCH ARCH during development 
=fibrous + lymphoid tissue
161
Q

Brachial Cyst location and prevalence

A

In front of sternocleidomastoid

Young adults

162
Q

Cystic lesion in adult and in children on the neck

A

ADULT : metastatic cystic carcinoma
CHILDREN : bronchial cyst on congenital
(Keratin debri inside is seen)

163
Q

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst is what

A

Thyroid tissue remnants from when it migrated

= changes into a cyst (nests)

164
Q

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst location

A

Anyplace on midline on neck from back of tongue

165
Q

Carotid Body Tumor what is this

A

NCC from autonomic paraganglia (Paravertebral paraganglia, phenochromocytoma (adrenal gland), vessels)
= involves the carotid body vessels and a tumor at the bifurcation of it**

166
Q

Carotid Body Tumor location and CT scan and associated

A

Bifurcation of carotid A = looks like of like Poseidon’s stick
= MEN2 (multiple endocrine neoplasia 2)

167
Q

Carotid Body Tumor histology and DX

A

Cobble stone looking = ZELLBALLEN (ball of cells)* = nests of cells
S-100 stain

168
Q

Carotid Body Tumor prognosis

A

15%-40% malignant and histology cant tell

CPR 2 Exam 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions