Pathology of respiratory tract infection Flashcards
what common viruses can cause URTI
rhinoviruses, adenoviruses,
parainfluenza, influenza and EB virus
what determines the capacity of a patient to resist infection
state of host defence mechanisms
age of the patient
name some common URTI’s (6)
Coryza - common cold Sore throat syndrome Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) Laryngitis Sinusitis Acute Epiglottitis
which 2 main organisms cause acute epiglottitis
caused by beta-haemolytic streptococci
or haemophilus influenzae
name some common LRTI’s
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
4 main respiratory tract defence mechanisms?
Macrophage-mucociliary escalator system
General immune system (Humoral and cellular immunity)
Respiratory tract secretions
Upper respiratory tract as a ‘filter’
what 3 parts are involved in the macrophage mucociliary escalator system
alveolar macrophages
mucociliary escalator
cough reflex
process of particle clearance from the lungs
clearance by alveolar macrophage phagocytosis
interstitial pathway via lymph to the lymph nodes
then from the nodes to the trachea- clearance via the mucociliary escalator
what is the mucociliary escalator
whole process of cilia beating secreted mucus with foreign particles within it up the trachea towards the laryngopharynx. It is then either swallowed (it goes to stomach where acidity helps neutralise foreign particles) or it is coughed up
what different classes of pneumonia exist? (6)
Community Acquired Pneumonia Hospital Acquired (Nosocomial) Pneumonia Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Atypical Pneumonia Aspiration Pneumonia Recurrent Pneumonia
spatial patterns of pneumonia? (3)
bronchopneumonia
segmental
lobar
patterns in characteristics of pneuomonia? (3)
hypostatic
aspiration
obstructive, retention, endogenous lipidq
outcome/complications of pneumonia
most resolve
pleurisy, pleural effusion and empyema
organisation (mass lesion, constrictive bronchiolitis)
lung abscess
bronchiectasis
pneumonia is still a potentially fatal disease
lung abscess
often caused by aspiration
staph aureus, some pneumococci and klebsiella
bronchiectasis is dilatation of Bronchi which can be caused by what? (4)
Severe Infective Episode
Recurrent Infections
Proximal Bronchial Obstruction
Lung Parenchymal Destruction