Intro to respiratory system

Question 1

functions of respiratory system

Answer 1

gas exchange
acid base balance
protection from infection
communication via speech

Question 2

why do we need O2?

Answer 2

need O2 ultimately to produce energy. This energy is needed for cell function. 02 is needed to fuel brain cells

Question 3

what is external respiration?

Answer 3

exchange of gases between the external environment and body ie getting 02 into body and C02 out

Question 4

define cellular respiration

Answer 4

biochemical processes burning 02 and releasing energy

Question 5

what does external respiration require?

Answer 5

integration of respiratory and cardiovascular systems

Question 6

in what direction does the pulmonary artery travel?

Answer 6

away from the heart

- think A for Artery and Away

Question 7

in what direction does the pulmonary vein travel?

Answer 7

towards the heart

Question 8

systemic respiration

Answer 8

involves delivering O2 from heart to tissues and picking up CO2 from tissues and taking it to the heart

Question 9

pulmonary circulation

Answer 9

only includes lungs and heart
very localised and specialised
only concerned with delivering CO2 to the lungs and picking up O2 from the lungs and delivering to the heart

Question 10

what is the breathing rate at rest

Answer 10

10-20 breaths/min (12-15 in OSCE)

40-45 at max exercise (adults)

Question 11

what does external respiration require?

Answer 11

integration of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems

Question 12

what happens in the cardiovascular system when you exercise?

Answer 12

• heart rate and
  force of contraction increases
• rate of substrate delivery to muscle and waste removal via blood increases

Question 13

what happens in the respiratory system when you exercise?

Answer 13

• rate and depth of breathing increases

- acquire O2 more quickly and waste disposal speeds up (CO2)

Question 14

where does gas exchange occur in cardiovascular system?

Answer 14

systemic capillaries- very thin to allow for gas exchange

Question 15

where does gas exchange occur in respiratory system?

Answer 15

alveoli in lungs

Question 16

how do we maintain constant conc of O2 and CO2?

Answer 16

supply = demand
net vol of O2 exchanged in the lungs per unit time = net vol exchanged in the tissues.
Same applies for CO2.

Question 17

what are the average volumes exchanged per minute

Answer 17

250 ml O2 consumed

200ml C02 produced

Question 18

what 2 things do we want to do to the air we breathe in before it reaches the lungs?

Answer 18

1. warm the air
2. moisturise the air

warm the air in order to try and prevent disrupting the core body temp

Question 19

what makes up the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 19

pharynx, mouth, larynx and nasal cavity

Question 20

what makes up the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 20

trachea, left and right lung, left and right bronchus and diaphragm

Question 21

what is the LRT system enclosed in?

Answer 21

It is enclosed in the thorax, bounded by the ribs, spine and diaphragm

Question 22

how many lobes make up the right lung and what are they called?

Answer 22

3

superior, inferior and middle lobes

Question 23

how many lobes make up the left lung and what are they called?

Answer 23

2

superior and inferior

Question 24

what is different about the L and R bronchi just after the point they branch

Answer 24

the right bronchi is wider but runs more vertically downwards- tend find more foreign bodies in the R.

left bronchi is narrower and branches off at more of an angle

Question 25

what maintains patency of the trachea airway? and define patency

Answer 25

patency means open

C- shaped rings of cartilage help maintain patency

Question 26

what are bronchioles like?

Answer 26

they have no cartilage, smaller airways deep in the lungs
branches of the main bronchus
bronchioles stay open due to physical forces

Question 27

where is there more resistance to air flow? URT or LRT and why?

Answer 27

there is more resistance to air flow in upper airways as despite having wider diameter there is a greater amount of air jostling for a position here

Question 28

type 1 alveolar cells

Answer 28

participate in gas exchange
in direct contact with capillaries
O2 picked up from alveoli and CO2 delivered to alveoli

Question 29

type 2 alveolar cells

Answer 29

do NOT participate in gas exchange as they are too thick (2 thick)

Question 30

what is air that doesn’t participate with gas exchange called?

Answer 30

anatomical dead space