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Respiratory System > Pathology of respiratory tract infection > Flashcards

Pathology of respiratory tract infection Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of microorganism pathogens

A
  • Primary
  • Facultative
  • Opportunistic
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2
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection examples

A
  • Coryza, common cold
  • Sore throat syndrome
  • Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)
  • Laryngitis
  • Sinusitis
  • Acute Epiglottitis
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3
Q

Acute Epiglottitis

A

Bacterial infection of the epiglottis

  • Group A beta-haemolytic Streptococci
  • Haemophilus influenzae (type b- Hib)
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4
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract infections

A
  • Bronchitis
  • Bronchiolitis
  • Pneumonia
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5
Q

What are the respiratory tract defence mechanisms?

A
  • Macrophage-mucociliary escalator system!
  • General immune system
  • Respiratory tract secretions
  • Upper respiratory tract as a ‘filter’
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6
Q

Composition of the macrophage-mucociliary escalator system

A
  • Alveolar macrophages
  • Mucociliary escalator
  • Cough reflex
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7
Q

Action of the macrophage-mucociliary escalator system

A

They contact deposited particles either by chance or by oriented motion in response to chemical agents in particles

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8
Q

3 classifications of Pneumonia

A
  • Anatomical
  • Aetiological (circumstances)
  • Microbiological
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9
Q

Aetiological classifications of Pneumonia

A
  • Community acquired pneumonia
  • Hospital acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia
  • Pneumonia in the immunocompromised
  • Atypical pneumonia
  • Aspiration pneumonia
  • Recurrent pneumonia
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10
Q

Patterns of Pneumonia

A
  • Bronchopneumonia
  • Segmental
  • Lobar
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11
Q

What is bronchopneumonia?

A

inflammation of the lungs, arising in the bronchi or bronchioles

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12
Q

What is lobar pneumonia?

A

a form of pneumonia characterised by inflammatory exudate within the intra-alveolar space resulting in consolidation that affects a large and continuous area of the lobe of a lung.
- A whole lobe is affected.

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13
Q

Complications of Pneumonia

A
  • Pleurisy, Pleural Effusion and Empyema
  • Lung Abscess
  • Bronchiectasis
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14
Q

What is Cryptogenic Organising Pneumonia (COP)?

A

COP is a swelling of the small airways in your lung. It has symptoms that can closely mimic a pneumonia infection.
-It is also known as bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia (BOOP).

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15
Q

What is a lung abcess?

A

Abscesses occur most commonly when microbial infection causes necrosis of the lung parenchyma, forming 1 or more cavities.
- Forms necrotic lung

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16
Q

How does Bronchiectasis occur?

A

Pathological dilatation of Bronchi due to:

  • Severe infective episode
  • Recurrent infections, many causes
  • Proximal bronchial obstruction
  • Lung parenchymal destruction
17
Q

complications of aspiration pneumonia

A
  • Vomiting
  • Oesophageal lesion
  • Obstetric anaesthesia
  • neuromuscular disorders
  • Sedation
18
Q

What are opportunistic infections?

A
  • Infection by organism not normally capable of producing disease in patients with intact lung defences
  • Increased chance of “ordinary “ infections
19
Q

What PaO2 and PaCO2 is in Type I respiratory failure?

A

PaO2 < 8kPa

PaCO2 normal or low

20
Q

What PaO2 and PaCO2 is in Type I respiratory failure?

A

PaCO2 > 6.5kPa

PaO2 usually low

21
Q

What 4 abnormal states are associated with Hypoxaemia?

A
  • Ventilation/Perfusion imbalance
  • Diffusion impairment
  • Alveolar hypoventilation
  • Shunt
22
Q

What occurs during physiological pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction?

A
  • Alveolar oxygen tension falls
  • Can be localised effect
  • All vessels constrict if there is arterial hypoxaemia!!!
23
Q

What is a protective mechanism for pulmonary vascular changes in Hypoxia?

A

Do not send blood to alveoli short of oxygen.

24
Q

What does a shunt cause?

A
  • Severe bronchopneumonia

- Lobar pattern with areas of consolidation

25
Q

What does V/Q stand for?

A

Ventilation perfusion

-The V/Q ratio is the amount of air that reaches your alveoli divided by the amount of blood flow in the capillaries in your lungs.

26
Q

What is the commonest cause of hypoxaemia encountered clinically?

A

Low V/Q

-Low V/Q in some alveoli arises due to local alveolar hypoventilation due to some, focal disease.

27
Q

How does hypoxaemia due to low V/Q respond due to small increases in FlO2?

A

Hypoxaemia due to low V/Q responds well to even small increases in FIO2!

28
Q

Is there ventilation of abnormal alveoli in shunt?

A

NO

29
Q

Is there ventilation of abnormal alveoli in ventilation/perfusion abnormality (mismatch)?

A

Some ventilation of abnormal alveoli, just not enough.

30
Q

Features of shunt

A
  • Blood passing from Right to Left side of Heart WITHOUT contacting ventilated alveoli
  • Normally 2-4% shunt
  • Pathological shunt in AV malformations, congenital heart disease and PULMONARY DISEASE
  • Large shunts respond poorly to increases in FI O2 Blood leaving normal lung is already 98% saturated
31
Q

What is Chronic (hypoxic) cor pulmonale?

A

-Hypertrophy of the Right Ventricle resulting from disease affecting the function and/or the structure of the lung.

Respiratory System (28 decks)

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