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Respiratory System > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is formed when the (pro)Nucleus of sperm enters and fuses with the (pro)nucleus of the ovum?

A

Diploid cell called zygote is produced

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2
Q

Are mitochondrial diseases inherited from the mother or father?

A

The mother

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3
Q

What is a morula?

A

Solid ball of cells formed from the cell division of zygote

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4
Q

What cavity allows nutrition to reach the core of cells?

A

Blastocystic cavity

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5
Q

What is the outer lining of cells called?

A

The trophoblast

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6
Q

What does the morula convert into?

A

Blastocyst

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7
Q

Where does the blastocyst travel to?

A

Moves through uterine tube, to reach uterine cavity

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8
Q

Does the cell division from the zygote to blastocyst increase or decrease in speed?

A

Increase

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9
Q

How does the zygote/morula/blastocyst move to reach the uterine cavity?

A

Ciliated epithelium

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10
Q

What could occur if pregnancy is abnormal?

A

Ectopic pregnancy

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11
Q

What process occurs at day 7 (or 6) of pregnancy?

A

Implantation - the blastocyst begins to burrow into the uterine wall (endometrium)

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12
Q

What plays an important role in burrowing the blastocyst?

A

The chorion

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13
Q

What are the finger-like processes on the chorion?

A

Chorionic villi

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14
Q

What are the main processes of the chorion?

A
  1. Implantation process
  2. Forms part of the placenta
  3. Secretes human Chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
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15
Q

What is human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) used for?

A

Used to detect pregnancy

Also helps maintain the endometrium

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16
Q

What is the Decidua basalis?

A

Part of the endometrium deep to the implanted conceptus.

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17
Q

What do the cells of the inner cell mass form?

A

A 2-layered flat disc called the Bilaminar Disc.

18
Q

What 2 cavities begin to form after the formation of the bilaminar disc?

A

Amniotic cavity and Yolk sac

19
Q

What is the placenta?

A

A flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant eutherian mammals, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord.

20
Q

What are the main functions of the placenta?

A
  1. Foetal nutrition
  2. Transport of waste and gases
  3. Immune etc
21
Q

Features of foetal part and surface of placenta

A

Smooth with foetal blood vessels and end of umbilical cord.

22
Q

Maternal part of placenta

A

Decidua basalis of endometrium. Rough and has maternal blood vessels.

23
Q

Features of fraternal/dizygotic twins

A
  • 2 ova released, 2 sperms = 2 separate zygotes

- Different genetic makeups, 2 placentae

24
Q

Features of identical/monozygotic twins

A
  • 1 ovum, 1 sperm = 1 zygote which divides into 2

- Same genetic makeup, share one placenta.

25
Q

What is Gastrulation?

A

Formation of germ layers

26
Q

What is Neurulation?

A

Formation of neural tube

27
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

Formed in the midline of the epiblast by the dipping in of cells (invagination)

28
Q

What are the 3 germ layers formed during gastrulation?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm

=TRILAMAR DISC

29
Q

How is the the trilaminar disc formed?

A

Cells from primitive streak invaginate, displacing hypoblast.

30
Q

Solid tube of cells formed when cells from primitive streak sink down

A

Notochord

31
Q

What does the notochord induce?

A

Notochord induces ectodermal cells in the midline to form a neural tube.

32
Q

What does the neural tube do to the mesoderm?

A

Induces the mesoderm to thicken causing it to separate into three parts.

33
Q

What 3 parts does the mesoderm separate to?

A
  • Paraxial mesoderm
  • Intermediate plate mesoderm
  • Lateral plate mesoderm

Lateral plate mesoderm splits to form a somatic and splanchnic mesoderm.

34
Q

What do paraxial mesoderms form?

A

Somites

35
Q

What occurs 4th-8th weeks - embryonic/organogenetic period

A
  • Folding into a tube (lateral folds) which started in 3rd week completes
  • Heart starts to beat on day 24
  • 43 pairs of somites form in the paraxial mesoderm and differentiate further.
    Etc
36
Q

What does each somite (paraxial mesoderm) divide into?

A
  1. Dermatome
  2. Myotome
  3. Sclerotome
37
Q

What are the dermatome, myotome and sclerotome responsible for?

A 
Dermatome = dermis of skin
Myotome = muscles
Sclerotome = bones including vertebrae
38
Q

What is Teratology?

A

Study of when things go wrong during development.

39
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Environmental factors that cause abnormal development.

40
Q

During which weeks is there greatest sensitivity to teratogens?

A

Weeks 3-8

Respiratory System (28 decks)

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