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A2. Respiratory System > Pathology of Respiratory > Flashcards

Pathology of Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What symptom must be present for someone to have asthma?

A

Wheezing

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2
Q

If a patient doesn’t have wheezing what is definitely not the diagnosis?

A

Asthma

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3
Q

Does asthma have a definition?

A

No

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4
Q

Is asthma variable or non-variable?

A

Very variable

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5
Q

In children is asthma more predominant in girls or boys?

A

Boys

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6
Q

In adults is asthma more predominant in males of females?

A

Females

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7
Q

How many causative hits does asthma require?

A

Several

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8
Q

Give examples of hits that can lead to asthma?

A

Genes
Abnormal lungs
Early onset atopy
Later exposures (virus, exercise, smoking)

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9
Q

What is the best way to diagnose a child with asthma?

A

A history

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10
Q

When taking a family history for asthma who should be asked about?

A

Parents

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11
Q

Is there any asthma test for children?

A

No

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12
Q

Why is an examination not very useful in the diagnosis of asthma?

A

Because asthma is episodic

Person is unlikely to be going through episode at the time of the examination

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13
Q

Out of every 4 positive allergy tests how many children are then asthmatic?

A

1

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14
Q

Why is coughing not a very relevant for asthma diagnosis?

A

Because whilst coughing is a sign of asthma

EVERYONE coughs

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15
Q

Is asthma obstructive or restrictive?

A

Obstructive

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16
Q

After asking if a child wheezes what is best to then identify?

A

If it is genuine wheezing

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17
Q

When is shortness of breath a bad sign?

A

When it occurs at rest

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18
Q

What antibody type is atopy referring to?

A

IgE

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19
Q

If the patient responds to asthma treatment are they likely to have asthma?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What sounds could be mistaken for wheezing?

A

Rattle

Stertor

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21
Q

What is the risk of treating a child with suspected bacterial bronchitis?

A

Them experiencing diarrhoea

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22
Q

What is the only problem that will induce a colour change and why?

A

Pertussis

Burst blood vessels from coughing

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23
Q

How do you confirm a diagnosis for asthma?

A

Trial them on ICS

Inhaled steroid treatment

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24
Q

Is there a lower age limit for diagnosing asthma?

A

No

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25
Q

Is there a test for diagnosing asthma in children?

A

No

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26
Q

What is COPD characterised by?

A

Airflow obstuction

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27
Q

Does COPD change markedly overall several months?

A

No

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28
Q

What does C in COPD stand for?

A

Chronic

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29
Q

What is asthma?

A

Airway inflammation mediated by the immune system

30
Q

What mediates the airway inflammation in asthma?

A

Immune system

31
Q

Is the airway narrowing in asthma spontaneous or brought on by stimuli?

A

Can be either

32
Q

What is emphysema?

A

The destruction of the alveoli leading to a loss of elasticity

33
Q

Is asthma more common in boys or girls?

A

Boys

34
Q

Is asthma moe common in women or men?

A

Women

35
Q

What is the prevalence of asthma in children?

A

10-15%

36
Q

What is the prevalence of asthma in adults?

A

5-10%

37
Q

What factors can lead to asthma?

A 
Atopy
Smoking (maternal and grandmother effect) 
Certain genes
Airway development genes 
Occupation
38
Q

When does wheezing occur?

A

When the airways are narrowed

39
Q

Is the lung function in asthma fixed?

A

Yes

40
Q

Is it common to wheeze?

A

Yes

During coughs, cold or similar viral infections

41
Q

With wheezing what are you trying to differentiate?

A

If the wheeze is caused by asthma

Or as a result of other causes of airway obstruction

42
Q

In asthma are the airways always obstructed?

A

No - comes in period

43
Q

What is bronchospasm?

A

When the smooth muscle of the airways contract - narrowing them

44
Q

What percent of children grow out of asthma?

A

2 out of 3

45
Q

As you age does lung function increase or decrease?

A

Decreases

46
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Abnormal widening of one or more airways

47
Q

In the abnormal airways in bronchiectasis what extra is made?

A

Extra mucus

Making it prone to infection

48
Q

Why is asthma so important?

A

Because so many people have it

49
Q

Give some examples of possible risk factors of asthma

A

Obesity
Diet
Reduced exposure to microbes
Indoor pollution

50
Q

What are the main symptoms of asthma?

A 
WHEEZING 
Shortness of breath (dyspnoea)
Chest tightness 
Cough (usually dry)
Sputum
51
Q

What is the usual character of a cough in asthma?

A

Dry

52
Q

What is dyspnoea?

A

Shortness of breath

53
Q

How many people die from lung cancer each year in the UK?

A

35000

54
Q

What is the 5 year survival rate of lung cancer?

A

8%

55
Q

Is the global incidence of lung caner rising or descending?

A

Rising

56
Q

What is the biggest contributor to lung cancer?

A

Smoking

57
Q

What is the most common cause of lung cancer?

A

Smoking

58
Q

Does stopping smoker help your risk with lung cancer?

A

The risk will decline

59
Q

Give example of genes mutations that increase the risk of lung cancer

A

KRAs
EGFR
BRAF
HER2

60
Q

To develop cancer is one mutation needed?

A

No several

Multiple hit hypothesis

61
Q

What are some of the symptoms of lung cancer?

A 
Cough 
Haemoptysis 
Chest pain 
Breathlessness
Weight loss 
Wheeze
Swollen face/neck 
Finger clubbing
62
Q

What is a sign of lung cancer tht can be seen on the hands?

A

Finger clubbing

63
Q

What is haemoptysis?

A

Coughing up blood

64
Q

What are some of the metastatic symptoms of lung cancer?

A

Bone pain
Headaches
Neurologica fits
Jaundice

65
Q

What are the two types of tumours?

A

Benign

Malignant

66
Q

What is the most aggressive form of lung cancer?

A

Small cell carcinoma

67
Q

What are the characteristics of small cell carcinoma?

A

Large tumours
Quick growing
Often metastasis before diagnosis

68
Q

What are some of the other contributors to lung cancer?

A

Environmental radon
Air pollution and urban life
Asbestos exposure

69
Q

With smoking and cancer what is the degree of risk related to?

A

To the volume of consumption

70
Q

Give examples of lower respiratory tract infections

A

Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia

71
Q

What is the function of the macrophage-mucociliary escalator system?

A

To keep bad stuff out
Act like a filter
Sweep pathogens out

72
Q

Is the lower respiratory tract sterile?

A

Normally yes

A2. Respiratory System (15 decks)

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