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A2. Respiratory System > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Between what weeks is the embryonic phase?

A

0-3 weeks

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2
Q

Between which weeks is the embryonic phase?

A

4-8 weeks

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3
Q

Between which weeks is the foetal phase?

A

9-40 weeks

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4
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The formation of sperm

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5
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The formation of the ovum

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6
Q

By what cellular process do gametes divide?

A

Meiosis

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7
Q

What is the spermatogonium?

A

The cell that produces sperm

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8
Q

What is the oogonium?

A

The cell that produces the ovum

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9
Q

What is the cell formed at fertilisation called?

A

The zygote

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10
Q

Does just one sperm surround the ovum?

A

No several

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11
Q

How many sperm penetrate the egg?

A

Just one

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12
Q

What part of the sperm penetrates the ovum?

A

The pro-nucleus

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13
Q

Why does mitochondrial inheritance come from the mother?

A

Because the sperms organelles are pushed out at fertilisation

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14
Q

What is the first cell in the body?

A

The zygote

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15
Q

Is the zygote diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid

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16
Q

How does the zygote divide?

A

By mitosis

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17
Q

What is the morula?

A

Ball of cells that have divided from the zygote

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18
Q

Why does a cavity develop in the morula?

A

To get nutrients to the central core of the cells

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19
Q

What is the cavity that develops in the morula known as?

A

Blastocystic cavity

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20
Q

What does the morula become?

A

A blastocyst

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21
Q

What is the outer lining of cells on the blastocyst called?

A

Trophoblast

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22
Q

How does the egg or fertilised zygote move along the oviduct?

A

Ciliated epithelium moves it along

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23
Q

How long does the first cell division take?

A

36 hours

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24
Q

If cilia function in the fallopian tubes is faulty what can occur?

A

An ectopic pregnancy

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25
How many days does it take fir the blastula to have formed ready to implant in the uterine cavity?
5 or 6
26
Where does implantation occur?
In the endometrial layer
27
What is the function of the chorion?
To help the embryo burry into the endometrium To go on and form part of the placenta To secrete HCG
28
What does HCG hormone do?
Tells the body to keep producing oestrogen and progesterone to maintain the endometrium Also is used to test for pregnancy
29
How does the chorion aid implantation?
By creating finger like projections (villi)
30
What are the 2 layers of the Bilaminar disc called?
Epiblast | Hypoblast
31
What cavity lies above the epiblast?
Amniotic cavity
32
What cavity lies below the hypoblast?
Yolk Sac
33
Why does the allantoic begin to get larger?
Because more and more waste products are dumped there
34
Why does the yolk sac get smaller?
Because the nutrients are being used up
35
Does maternal and foetal blood ever mix?
No
36
How does the transfer of nutrients and waste occur between mum and baby if there blood do not mix?
By diffusion
37
What are the main functions of the placenta?
Foetal nutrition Transport of waste and gases Immune ect
38
Why is the foetal part of the placenta smooth?
Because it is lined by the amniotic sac
39
How much does the placenta weigh?
1/6 of the foetus
40
By what weeks has the placenta matured?
18-20
41
What are fraternal twins?
2 ova 2 sperms 2 separate zygotes Different genetic makeup
42
What are identical twins?
When there is 1 ovum 1 sperm 1 zygote initially Divides into 2 and each develops into a different embryo
43
Which type of twins can run in families?
Fraternal | When the mother releases 2 ova
44
What is gastrulation?
The formation of the germ layers
45
What is neurulation?
Formation of the neural tube
46
How is the primitive streak formed?
Formed in the midline of the epiblast | By the dipping in of cells (invagination)
47
What are the 3 germ layers upper to lower?
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
48
Are the germ cells specialised?
Yes
49
Cells from which germ layer continue to divide?
Ectoderm
50
What is the notochord?
Solid tube of cells formed from the dividing ectoderm
51
What does the notochord send?
Signals that induce midline ectodermal cells to form a neural tube
52
How is a neural tube formed?
Signals are sent by the notochord that stimulate the midline of the ectoderm to divide and form a neural tube
53
What does the neural tube induce?
The mesoderm to thicken
54
What 3 parts does the mesoderm separate into?
Paraxial mesoderm Intermediate plate mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm
55
What does the lateral plate mesoderm split to form?
Somatic and splanchnic mesoderm
56
On which day does the heart start to beat?
Day 24
57
What does the ectoderm go on to form?
Epidermis of skin | Neural tube
58
What does the endoderm go on to form?
Gut | Respiratory
59
What does the paraxial mesoderm go on to form?
Somites
60
What does the intermediate plate mesoderm go on to form?
Urogenital system | Kidneys, reproductive
61
What does the lateral plate mesoderm go on to form?
Peritoneum Pleura Body cavities
62
What is the peritoneum?
The membrane surrounding the heart
63
Where do the somites run along?
The primitive streak
64
What do the myotomes form?
Muscles
65
What do the dermatomes form?
Dermis of skin
66
What do the sclerotomes form?
Bones
67
What 3 sections do the somites divide into?
Dermatome Myotome Sclerotome
68
What is teratology?
The study of when things go wrong during foetal development
69
What are teratogens?
Environmental factors that cause abnormal development
70
What genetic factors can cause things to go wrong with foetal development?
Too many/few chromosomes Structural changes in chromosomes Increased maternal age
71
When is the highest risk of teratology?
Weeks 4-8
72
What drug fro? the 60s caused foetal abnormalities?
Thalidomide

A2. Respiratory System (15 decks)

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