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A2. Respiratory System > Lung Cancer > Flashcards

Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

How many deaths a year are there from lung cancer?

A

35000

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2
Q

What is the 5 year survival rate of those diagnosed with lung cancer?

A

8%

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of lung cancer?

A

Smoking

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4
Q

Is the risk of lung cancer proportional to the amount smoked?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Genetically at a cellular level how does smoking lead to lung cancer?

A

Carcinogens in smoke cause multiple mutation in epithelial cell DNA which accumulate
Multiple hits eventually leads to cell cycle regulation loss
The mutated cells being dividing uncontrollably

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6
Q

What are the key symptoms of lung cancer?

A 
Cough 
Haemoptysis 
Chest pain 
Breathlessness 
Weight loss (key sign) 
Hoarseness of voice 
Wheeze 
Swollen face
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7
Q

What are the metastatic symptoms of lung cancer?

A

Bone pain
Headaches-neurological fits
Jaundice

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8
Q

What is the most aggressive form of lung cancer?

A

Small cell carcinoma

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of small cell carcinoma of the lungs?

A

Large tumours
Quick growing
Often metastasised before diagnosis

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of non small cell lung cancer?

A

Large cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma

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11
Q

What are common sites of metastasis of lung cancer?

A 
Liver 
Bone 
Brain 
Adrenal glands 
Skin
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12
Q

What 3 zones is the lung divided into?

A

Upper
Middle
Lower

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13
Q

What is a pulmonary mass?

A

Opacity in lung over 3cm with no mediastinal adenopathy or atelectasis

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14
Q

What is a pulmonary nodule?

A

Opacity in lung up to 3cm with no mediastinal adenopathy or atelectasis

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15
Q

What does a tissue sample of mass in lung allow?

A

Histology to help stage the sample and diagnose the type of lung cancer

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16
Q

What does the identification of the stage of the cancer allow?

A

A prognosis and treatment to be outlined

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17
Q

What does TNM stand for?

A

Tumour size and position
Nodes
Metastases (has the tumour spread anywhere else in the body)

18
Q

How is T in TNM classified??

A

T1-4

19
Q

How is N in TNM classified?

A

N1-3

20
Q

How is M in TNM classified?

A

M0-1

21
Q

What are some of the other causes of lung cancer?

A

Asbestos

Occupational

22
Q

What % of smokers get lung cancer?

A

10%

23
Q

What is small cell carcinoma usually called by?

A

Smoking

24
Q

Why is lung cancer called ‘clinically silent’?

A

Because there are no symptoms for ages

25
Q

Why does lung cancer have such a bad prognosis?

A

Because by the time the symptoms normally appear the cancer is in too late a stage and the patient will normally die

26
Q

What is a PET-CT?

A

Radiolabelled glucose is injected into the body.
Rapidly dividing cells (tumour cells) will use the most glucose
This allows us to see distant metastasis

27
Q

What are the signs of lung cancer?

A 
Finger clubbing 
Stridor 
Signs of consolidation 
Pleura effusion 
Cervical lymphadenopathy
28
Q

What is the most preventable form of lung cancer?

A

Lung cancer

29
Q

What initial investigations are done for suspected lung cancer?

A 
CXR
FBC
Renal, liver functions and calcium 
Clotting screen 
Spirometry
30
Q

What does N0 mean?

A

No regional node involvement

31
Q

What does M0 mean?

A

Distant metastasis absent

32
Q

What does M1 mean?

A

Distant metastasis present

33
Q

What treatment options are available for lung cancer patients?

A

Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Palliative care

34
Q

What does palliative management involve?

A

Symptom control
Quality of life
Community support
Decisions and planning, resuscitation status, end of life care
Multidisciplinary team including lung cancer nurse and hospice

35
Q

Is lung cancer easy to treat?

A

No it is very difficult

36
Q

Where does the cancer have to start in order to be a primary lung cancer?

A

In the lung

37
Q

Give examples of inherited oncogene mutations which increase the likelihood of lung cancer

A

KRAs
EGRF
BRAF
HER2

38
Q

What % of lung cancers are large cell?

A

10%

39
Q

What % of lung cancers are adenocarcinoma?

A

27%

40
Q

What % of lung cancers are squamous cell carcinoma?

A

35%

41
Q

What CXR signs may indicate lung cancer?

A 
Hilar vascular structure defined?
Is the costophrenic angle sharp?
Is the trachea central?
No widening mediastinium
Lesions?
Pleural effusion?
Are the lungs inflated? Or is there pneumothorax present

A2. Respiratory System (15 decks)

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