Pathology of pulmonary infection Flashcards
what happened to the guy who had ravioli in his alveoli?
he pasta way
what is a primary pathogenic microorganism?
very pathogenic and infects everyone regardless of health
what is a opportunistic pathogenic microorganism?
uses immunosuppression to infect host (the organism is not normally capable of producing disease in patents with intact lung defences) (ex: low grade bacterial pathogens, CMV, pneumocystis jirovecii, other fungi and yeasts)
is the respiratory tract sterile?
the upper one is not, the lower one is
what is acute epiglottitis?
inflammation of the epiglottis, obstructing the respirator tract, is an upper respiratory tract infection
what is a facultative microorganism?
may result to parasitic activity but does not rely on it’s host for the completion of its life cycle
what does the capacity of a patient to resist an infection depend on?
state of host defence mechanisms, age of patients
name 6 upper respiratory tract infections
- coryza (common cold)
- sore throat syndrome
- acute laryngotracheobronchitis
- laryngitis
- sinusitis
- acute epiglottis
what bacteria can cause acute epiglottis?
groupe A beta-haemolytic streptococci haemophilus influenza (type b- Hib)
what virus can rarely cause acute epiglottis?
parainfluenza virus type 4, but not necessarily
name 3 lower respiratory tract infections
bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia
what is the respiratory tract defence mechanism composed of?
macrophage-mucocilliary escalator system, general immune system (humeral and cellular immunity), respiratory tract secretion
how does the upper respiratory tract protect the lower one?
upper respiratory tract as a ‘filter’
TRUE/FALSE patients will only get respiratory tract infection of all of the defence mechanisms fail
FALSE failure of any of these systems increases the risk of respiratory tract infection
what are the components of the macrophage-mucocilliary escalator system?
it includes:
- alveolar macrophages
- mucociliary escalator
- cough reflex
how does this system work in the ciliated airways?
clearance of particles via the muco-ciliary escalator (cilia push mucous-trapped particles up the airways)
how does this system work in the smaller airways?
alveolar macrophages clear the particles by phagocytosis when these deposit on the terminal bronchioles/ proximal alveoli, then take the interstitial pathway via lymph to the lymph nodes
what in the airways is lost with influenza?
bronchial epithelium lost
what 3 ways are there of classifying pneumonia?
- anatomical (via radiology)
- aetiological (via circumstances, most useful)
- microbiological (most appropriate for treatment)
what 6 different aetiological pneumonia are there?
- community acquired pneumonia
- hospital acquired (nocosomial) pneumonia
- pneumonia in the immunocompromised
- atypical pneumonia
- aspiration pneumonia
- recurrent pneumonia
what is bronchopneumonia?
pneumonia in the middle? ‘often bilateral basal patch opacification relating to the focal nature of the consolidation’
what is lobar pneumonia?
consolidation on one side only (one lung affected)
what are the complications of pneumonia?
- pleurisy, pleural effusion, empyema
- lung abscess
- bronchiectasis
- mass lesion, constructive bronchiolitis, COP (cryptogenic organising pneumonia), all due to aspiration (inhaling food, liquids, or vomiting in lungs)
- death
what happens to most pneumonias?
they just resolve
