Pathology of orbital trauma and fractures Flashcards
What are the types of orbital fractures?
Le fort fractures
Medial wall fractures
Orbital floor fractures
Orbital roof fractures
Lateral wall fractures
Naso-ethmoid orbital fractures
Orbital apex fractures
What are Le fort I fractures?
fracture that separates the lower maxilla from the rest of the midface
What is a Le fort II fracture?
fracture that separates the midface from the skull and involves the nasal, lacrimal and maxillary walls
What is a Le fort III fracture?
Fractures that separate the midface from the skull and involve the medial and lateral walls and floor
What are medial wall fractures?
involves the maxilla, lacrimal and ethmoid bones. Signs are periorbital emphysema, poor ocular motility, nose bleeds
What are orbital floor fractures?
eyeball is displaced. Signs are ecchymosis (bruising and oedema), enophthalmos and diplopia
What are orbital roof fractures?
displaces the orbital rim. Signs are haematoma of upper lids and ecchymosis, reduced sense of touch on the affected area
What are lateral wall fractures?
usually associated with extensive facial damage. Usually doesn’t occur alone
What are tripod features?
separation of the sutures of the zygoma
What are naso-ethmoid fractures?
often caused by punch or headbutt to the nose
What are orbital apex fractures?
involve optic canal and superior orbital fissure and cause damage to the nerves in the area
What are the complications of ocular trauma?
Enophthalmos
Diplopia
Foreign bodies
Globe rupture
Suprachoroidal haemorrhage
Retinal detachment
Carotid cavernous fistula
Lens dislocation
What are the features of blow-out fractures?
Intraocular pain
hard to move the eye
nerve damage
globe displacement
oedema
haematoma
What are the 3 phases of bone healing?
Inflammation
Repair
Remodelling
What are the systemic complications of bone healing?
malnutrition, smoking, diabetes
