pathology of oesophagus and stomach (week 3)

Question 1

what can cause reflux of acid into oesophagus?

Answer 1

hiatus herniation, acid then goes into oesophagus and causes thickening of squamous epithelium, and if persistent causes ulceration. fibrosis then can lead to malignancy

Question 2

what is Barrett’s oesophagus?

Answer 2

type of metaplasia where squamous epithelium becomes glandular

Question 3

what are the two histological types of Oesophageal cancer and their leading causes?

Answer 3

squamous carcinoma (smoking, drink and dietary carcinogens)

adenocarcinoma - from Barrett’s (obesity and acid reflux)

Question 4

where, by blood, does oesophageal cancer most commonly spread to and, therefore, what scan must we do?

Answer 4

liver

CT scan to check for liver metastases

Question 5

what are the 3 types of gastritis?

Answer 5

Autoimmune, Bacteria l, and chemical

Question 6

what happens in Autoimmune gastritis?

Answer 6

Atrophy (loss) of specialised acid secreting cells - leads to decreased acid secretion and loss of intrinsic factor (Vitamin B12 deficiency)

Question 7

what is Bacterial gastritis?

Answer 7

H. Pylori, has an enzyme called urease which splits urea to form ammonia (alkaline) so increases stomach acid secretion, leading to inflammation

Question 8

what causes chemical gastritis?

Answer 8

drink, bile reflux, and NSAID’s

Question 9

where does peptic ulceration occur and what bacteria is it most commonly associated with?

Answer 9

where HCL can come into contact with non-mucosal parts

oesophagus, duodenum and stomach

H. Pylori

Question 10

what is stomach cancer associated with?

Answer 10

PREVIOUS H. Pylori infection