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FHHD > Pathology of Neoplasia: classification and characteristics > Flashcards

Pathology of Neoplasia: classification and characteristics Flashcards

1
Q

Define Tumour

A

literally means “a swelling” not necessarily neoplastic

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2
Q

Define neoplasm

A

literally means “new growth”

an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is un-coordinated with that of the adjacent normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimulus that provoked the change

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3
Q

Whats the difference between benign and malignant neoplasms

A

Benign - usually harmless

Malignant - usually harmful

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4
Q

How might a benign neoplasm threaten life

A

Meningioma = raised intracranial pressure

Insulinoma produces insulin = Hypoglycaemia

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5
Q

Define Histogenesis

A

The cellular origin of a neoplasm

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6
Q

Define Differentiation

A

The degree to which a neoplasm resembles its normal cell of origin

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7
Q

What is the difference between a well and poorly differentiated neoplasm

A

Well differentiated - close resemblance to normal cell of origin
Poorly Differentiated - little resemblance to normal cell of origin

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8
Q

Define Anaplasia

A

Complete lack of differentiation in a neoplasm

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9
Q

What does the suffix of -oma mean for neoplasms and give examples

A
  • benign neoplasms

e. g. papilloma, adenoma, lipoma

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10
Q

What is the name of the benign epithelial neoplasms that you can find from stratified squamous epithelium and give and example of this epithelium

A

Squamous Cell Papilloma

e.g. skin

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11
Q

What is the name of the benign epithelial neoplasms that you can find from transitional cell epithelium and give and example of this epithelium

A

Transitional cell papilloma

e.g. urogenital tract

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12
Q

What is the name of the benign epithelial neoplasms that you can find from glandular epithelium and give and example of this epithelium

A

Adenoma

e.g. gastrointestinal tract

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13
Q

What is the name for benign connective tissue neoplasms in fat cells

A

Lipoma

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14
Q

What is the name for benign connective tissue neoplasms in smooth muscle cells

A

Leiomyoma

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15
Q

What is the name for benign connective tissue neoplasms in nerve cells

A

Neurofibroma

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16
Q

What is the name for benign connective tissue neoplasms in striated muscle cells

A

Rhabdomyoma

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17
Q

What is the name for benign connective tissue neoplasms in endothelium cells

A

Haemangioma

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18
Q

What exceptions are there to the benign neoplasm -oma rule

A
  • Lymphoma
  • Myeloma
  • Melanoma
  • mesothelioma
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19
Q

What is the suffix for malignant neoplasms of epithelial tissue and give examples

A
  • carcinoma

e. g. squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma

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20
Q

What is the suffix for malignant neoplasms of connective tissue and give examples

A
  • sarcoma

e. g. liposarcoma. leiomyosarcoma

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21
Q

What is the suffix for malignant neoplasms of embryonic tissue and give examples

A
  • blastoma

e. g. retinoblastoma

22
Q

What is the name for malignant epithelial neoplasms that you can find from stratified squamous epithelium and give an example of this epithelium

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

e.g. skin

23
Q

What is the name for malignant epithelial neoplasms that you can find from transitional cell epithelium and give an example of this epithelium

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

- urogenital tract

24
Q

What is the name for malignant epithelial neoplasms that you can find from glandular epithelium and give an example of this epithelium

A

Adenocarcinoma

e.g. gastrointestinal tract

25
Q

What is the name for malignant connective tissue neoplasms in fat cells

A

Liposarcoma

26
Q

What is the name for malignant connective tissue neoplasms in smooth muscle cells

A

Leiomyosarcoma

27
Q

What is the name for malignant connective tissue neoplasms in nerve cells

A

Neurofibrosarcoma

28
Q

What is the name for malignant connective tissue neoplasms in striated muscle cells

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

29
Q

What is the name for malignant connective tissue neoplasms in endothelium cells

A

Haemangiosarcoma

30
Q

What is the name for malignant embryonic neoplasms from kidney cells

A

Nephroblastoma

31
Q

What is the name for malignant embryonic neoplasms from neural tissue cells

A

Neuroblastoma

32
Q

What is the name for malignant embryonic neoplasms from retina cells

A

Retinoblastoma

33
Q

Where are germ cell found

A

In the ovary and testes

34
Q

What is the name for neoplasms derived from germ cells

A

Teratomas

35
Q

How do teratomas differentiate and are they benign or malignants

A

Along more than one germ cell line

Teratomas can be benign or malignant

36
Q

Describe the macroscopic appearance of a benign and a malignant neoplasm

A

Benign - well-defined outline, smooth surface

Malignant - Irregular or ill-defined outline, craggy surface

37
Q

Describe the microscopic margin of benign and malignant neoplasms

A

Benign - Blunt, pushing

Malignant - Infiltrative, Invasive

38
Q

Describe the nucleus:cytoplasm ratio of benign and malignant neoplasms

A

Benign - Usually normal

Malignant - Often high

39
Q

Describe the nucleus pleomorphism of benign and malignant neoplasms

A

Benign - uncommon

Malignant - common

40
Q

Describe the necrosis of benign and malignant neoplasms

A

Benign - Very uncommon

Malignant - Often present

41
Q

Describe the mitotic rate of benign and malignant neoplasms

A

Benign - Low, normal mitoses

Malignant - Usually high, abnormal mitoses frequent

42
Q

What is Metastasis

A

Secondary growth of a neoplasm at one or more locations distant from the primary site, only occurs with malignant neoplasms

43
Q

How might spread of neoplasms occur

A
  • Lymphatics
  • Blood vessels
  • Across mesothelial-lined cavities
  • Through cerebrospinal fluid
44
Q

Name as many mechanisms of invasion and metastasis as you can

A
  • Detachment of tumour cells from each other
  • Attachment of ECM via specific receptors
  • Locomotion through the ECM via secretion of motility factors
  • Vascular intravasation
  • Interaction of tumour cells with host lymphocytes
  • Formation of tumour embolus
  • Adhesion to endothelium at a distant site via adhesion molecules
45
Q

Describe the patterns of metastasis for carcinomas

A

Via lymphatics (early) -> lymph nodes

Via bloodstream (late) -> liver and lungs

46
Q

Describe the patterns of metastasis for sarcomas

A

Via bloodstream (early) -> lungs

47
Q

What other organs can bony metastasis affect

A
  • Prostate
  • Lung
  • Thyroid
  • Kidney
  • Breast
48
Q

Why is anaemia common in cancer patients

A
  • haemorrhage from the neoplasm
  • decreased life span or erythrocytes
  • replacement of bone marrow by metastatic tumour
  • autoantibodies against red cells
49
Q

What are the symptoms of cancer cachexia

A
  • Weight loss
  • Anorexia
  • Fever
  • Weakness
50
Q

What does cancer cachexia probably result from

A

Cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1, IF-gamma) secreted by the tumour or reactive host cells

51
Q

Why do patients die from cancer

A
  • Widespread disease in multiple organ sites
  • Metastatic disease in vital sites
  • Immunosuppression -> opportunistic infections
  • Organ failure
  • Haemorrhage
  • Late second malignancies

FHHD (21 decks)

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