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FHHD > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Define inflammation

A

This is the body’s natural response to injury and infection that involves a sequence of interrelated events that bring plasma proteins and blood cel to the injured area to initiate tissue repair

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2
Q

What are the 4 cardinal features of inflammation

A

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain

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3
Q

What is the heat from inflammation caused by

A

Increased blood flow and release of inflammatory mediators

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4
Q

What is the redness from inflammation caused by

A

Increased vascularity of the region

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5
Q

What is the swelling from inflammation caused by

A

Exudation of fluid, proteins and cells into the area of tissue damage

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6
Q

What is the pain from inflammation caused by

A

Caused by activation of pain receptors by inflammatory mediators in inflammatory exudate

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7
Q

Name a few ways that inflammation can be triggered

A
  • Physical agents - heat, cold, radiation
  • Foreign bodies - splinters, dirt, sutures
  • Chemicals - acids, alkali
  • Infections - bacteria, viruses, fungi
  • Immune mediated - immune complexes, hypersensitive
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8
Q

What are the functions of inflammation

A
  • Destroy and remove pathogens or injuring foreign bodies
  • Limiting and confining the effects of pathogens and their products
  • Repairing and replacing damaged tissue
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9
Q

Describe the characteristics of acute inflammation

A

Occurs early and consists of transient episodes (days, weeks)

Characterised by neutrophil infiltration

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10
Q

Describe the characteristics of chronic inflammation

A

Longer lasting - months/years

Characterised by lymphocytes and macrophages

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11
Q

Why do inflammation responses need to be tightly regulated

A

They can become harmful and are sometimes linked to heart disease or stroke and autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus

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12
Q

What receptors are used to recognise pathogens

A

PRRs = Pattern recognition receptors

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13
Q

What on pathogens is used by cells to identify them

A

PAMPs = Pathogen associated molecular patterns

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14
Q

Name a few types of bacterial PAMPs

A 
LPS
Lipoproteins
Flagellin
DNA
RNA
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15
Q

Name some PAMPs for viruses

A

DNA
RNA
Structural proteins

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16
Q

Describe the inflammation process (7 points)

A
  1. Pathogen breaches physical barrier
  2. Platelets secrete blood clotting-factors
  3. Mast cells promote vasodilation, vascular constriction and delivery of plasma/cells to injured area
  4. Neutrophils kill and degrade the pathogens
  5. Phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages
  6. Macrophages secrete cytokines that attract and activate immune rcells to induce tissue repair
  7. Inflammatory response continues until infectious/foreign material is removed and tissue repaired
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17
Q

What are platelets

A

Small fragments of megakaryocytic with a significant role in modulating clot formation

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18
Q

What types of granules are expressed by platelets

A

Alpha
Dense
Lysosomal

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19
Q

What can be found in alpha granules of platelets

A 
Chemokines
Coagulation factors
Growth factors
Fibrinogen
Fibronectin
20
Q

What can be found in dense granules of platelets

A 
Ca2+
Mg2+
Nucleotides
Serotonin
Histamine
21
Q

What can be found in Lysosomal granules of platelets

A

Proteases

Collagenase

22
Q

What are the roles/functions of platelets

A
  • Contribute to NET formation
  • Block spreading of infection by clot formation
  • Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • Breakdown of microbes by lysosome granules
  • Contribute to engulfing of bacteria
23
Q

What happens after the antigens of a pathogen bind to mast cells

A
  • Signals degranulation, releasing histamine and proteases
  • Signals for activation of PLA2 that makes membrane phospholipids to make PAF and arachidonic acid
  • Initiate formation of cytokines and chemokines
24
Q

What can arachidonic acid be converted into

A

Protaglandins and Leukotrienes

25
Q

What immediate responses do mast cells cause

A

Vasodilation
Vascular leakage - allowing macrophages to site
Smooth muscle spasm

26
Q

What allows leukocytes to associate with tissues

A

Integrins found on their surface and selectins on the tissues allows leukocytes to associate with tissues

27
Q

What is leukocyte extravasation

A

This is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system towards the site of tissue damage or infection

28
Q

Describe the process of leukocyte extravasation

A
  1. Leukocytes from the bloodstream bind to selectins on the endothelial surface using integrins on their surface
  2. The integrins on the leukocytes undergo conformational changes as they bind more to the endothelial surface and enter higher-affinity states
  3. This allows them to move through the endothelial surface and interact with fibrin and fibronectin in the infection site
29
Q

What is wrong in the LAD1 and LAD2 leukocyte adhesion deficiencies

A

LAD1 - There is a lack of ITGB2

LAD2 - There is a lack E-selectin

30
Q

What happens to the leukocytes and neutrophils in patients with Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

Leukocytes are unable to leave the circulatory system

Neutrophils are unable to aggregate and the neutrophil counts are commonly twice the normal level

31
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis

A
  1. chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
  2. Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
  3. Formation of a phagosome 4. Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
  4. Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
  5. Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
  6. Discharge of waste materials
32
Q

What is interleukin 1 (IL-1)

A

One of the most potent inflammatory molecules and has a huge number of target cells in the body (almost all of them)

33
Q

What 2 categories of effects can interleukin-1 produce

A

Local effects

Systemic effects

34
Q

What are the effects of IL-1 on leukocytes

A
  • Activation
  • Production of cytokines

Aids inflammation

35
Q

What are the effects of IL-1 on Fibroblasts

A
  • Proliferation
  • Increased collagen synthesis

Uses for repair

36
Q

What are the effects of IL-1 on the vascular endothelium

A
  • Increased expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules
  • Production of IL-1 chemokines
  • Increased pro-coagulant and decreased anticoagulant activity

Aids inflammation

37
Q

What are some of the systemic effects of IL-1

A
  • Fever
  • Leukocytosis
  • Increased acute phase proteins
  • Decreased appetite
  • Increased sleep
38
Q

AY BAWS CAN I HABE DE NOTE PLZ

A

Basically because the pro-inflammatory factors are so potent like IL-1 the regulation of inflammation is superrrrr important

39
Q

Name some molecules that are anti-inflammatory and describe them a little idk

A

Anti-inflammatory cytokines - TGFbeta and IL-10 inhibit secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Lipoxin and Resolvins from Arachidonic acid metabolism have anti-inflammatory actions

40
Q

How long do neutrophils and most mediators actions last for

A

Neutrophils only have a short life span (hours) and most mediators are short lived and are degraded immediately

41
Q

What cells and molecules are most dominant in the onset of inflammation

A
  • Leukotrienes
  • TNFalpha
  • Prostaglandins
  • IL-1beta
42
Q

What cells and molecules are dominant in the resolution of inflammation

A
  • TGFbeta
  • Resolvins
  • IL-10
  • Lipoxins
  • Protectins
  • Inhibitors of PLA2
  • Glucucorticoids
43
Q

What processes occur in the onset of inflammation

A
  • Production of inflammatory mediators
  • Neutrophil recruitment
  • Increased neutrophil lifespan
  • Classically activated macrophages
44
Q

What processes begin/occur in the onset of resolution of inflammation

A
  • Chemokine depletion
  • Lipid mediator class switching
  • De novo AnxA1 synthesis
  • Cytokine induced ACTH
  • Release of neutrophil microparticles
  • Downregulations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (neg feedback)
45
Q

What processes occur in the resolution of inflammation

A
  • Production of pro-resolving mediators
  • Abrogation of neutrophil recruitment
  • Alternatively activated macrophages
46
Q

Defects in the regulation of inflammation can lead to what kind of disorders and give examples

A

Autoimmune e.g. hashimoto’s thyroiditis, MS, vitiligo

Immunodeficiency

47
Q

What are some triggers for autoimmune disorders

A
  • Stress
  • Hormones
  • Metals
  • Food
  • Antigens
  • Pesticides and Poisons

FHHD (21 decks)

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