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FHHD > Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosionphils
Basophils

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2
Q

What are there most common form of granulocyte

A

Neutrophils

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3
Q

How do neutrophils come into contact with and destroy bacteria etc.

A

They circulate in the bloodstream and can phagocytose bacteria and dat

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4
Q

What do eosinophils do

A

They are important for defence against parasites and are also involved in allergic reactions

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5
Q

What do basophils do

A

Important against parasites and are involved in allergic reactions

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6
Q

What is the difference between eosinophils and basophils

A

Eosinophils - eosin stain used on them

Basophils - Basic dye used to stain them

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7
Q

What do mast cells do

A

Important against parasites and bind to IgE that leads to crossing linking between the IgE receptors and an antigen that leads to calcium influx, degranulation and histamine release in an allergic response

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8
Q

What do monocytes develop into

A

Macrophages

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9
Q

Where are monocytes found

A

In the bloodstream and tissues

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10
Q

What do monocytes and macrophages do

A

They coordinate an immune response by telling other immune cells that there’s a problem.
Macrophages also recycle dead cells like RBCs and clear away cellular debris

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11
Q

What do neutrophils do at the site of local tissue injury

A

Accumulate at site in minutes and tell other neutrophils to swarm site using lipids and mediators.
Their movement and signals tell macrophages and monocytes to surround the neutrophil cluster and for a tight wound seal

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12
Q

What do dendritic cells develop from

A

Monocytes

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13
Q

What is the main function of dendritic cells

A

They are an important antigen presenting cell that process large molecules into readable fragments recognised by B and T cells.

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14
Q

What is an examples of an intracellular antigen

A

A virus

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15
Q

What kind of immunity are natural killer cells (Innate/adaptive)

A

Both BITCH

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16
Q

What do natural killer cells do

A

Recognising and killing virus infected cells or tumour cells

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17
Q

How do natural killer cells kill virus infected cells and tumour cells

A

They have intracellular compartments called granules that are filled with proteins that can form holes in the target cell and also cause apoptosis

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18
Q

What is the main difference between apoptosis and necrosis

A

Apoptosis doesn’t release danger signals that can lead to greater immune activation and inflammation

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19
Q

What are the functions of B cells

A

They present antigens to T cells and produce antibodies to neutralise infectious microbes and the toxins produced by them

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20
Q

What are the major roles of antibodies

A
  1. Neutralisation occurs when the pathogen, because it is covered in antibodies, is unable to bind and infect host cells
  2. In opsonisation an antibody bound pathogen serves as a red flag to alert immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to engulf and digest the pathogen
  3. Complement is a process for directly destroying, or lysing, bacteria
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21
Q

What are the 2 ways that antibodies can be expressed

A

B cell receptors that sit on the surface of a B cell is actually an antibody

B cells also secrete antibodies to diffuse and bind to pathogens

22
Q

Why is the dual expression of antibodies important

A

As the bacterium is recognised using the antibodies on the B cell surface and the antibodies that the B cell secretes is the action taken that actually kills the pathogen

23
Q

What categories can an antibody fall into

A 
IgM
IgD
IgG
IgA
IgE
24
Q

What does Ig stand for in reference to antibodies

A

Ig = Immunoglobulin = antibody

25
Q

What are the roles of each category of antibody

A
  • IgM = Important for complement activation
  • IgG = important for neutralisation, opsonisation and complement activation
  • IgA = essential for neutralisation in the GI tract
  • IgD = the B cell receptor
26
Q

What are the 2 categories of T cells

A

CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells

27
Q

What is the difference between the types of T cell

A

Based on which protein is present on the cell’s surface

28
Q

What do T cells do

A

Killing infected cells and activating/recruiting other immune cells

29
Q

What are CD8+ T cells also called

A

Cytotoxic T cells

30
Q

What do Cytotoxic T cells do and how do they do it

A

They recognise and remove virus infected cells and cancer cells by using granules containing cytotoxins that cause apoptosis, cus of the potency the release of these granules is tightly regulated by the immune system

31
Q

What are the major CD4+ T cell subsets

A

TH1, TH2, TH17 and treg

TH - T helper cell

32
Q

What are the roles of TH1 cells

A

Important for co-ordinating immune responses against intracellular microbes, especially bacteria. They produce and secrete molecules that alert and activate other immune cells like bacteria ingesting macrophages

33
Q

What are the roles of TH2 cells

A

Important for co-ordinating immune responses against extracellular pathogens like helminths by alerting B cells, granulocytes and Amsterdams cells

34
Q

What are the roles of TH17 cells and why are they called TH17 cells

A

Called TH17 for their ability to produce interleukin 17, a signalling molecule that activates immune and non-immune cells. TH17 cells are important for recruiting neutrophils

35
Q

What are the roles of Tregs (regulatory T cells)

A

These monitor and inhibit the activity of other T cells and prevent adverse immune activation and maintain tolerance, or the prevention of immune responses against the body’s own cells and antigens

36
Q

What are cytokines

A

Small proteins with diverse functions, there are several categories that are important fo immune cell growth, activation, function and Ig class switching

37
Q

What do colony-stimulating factors do

A

They are essential for development and differentiation

38
Q

What do interferons do

A

Needed for immune cell activation:
Type I - Mediate antiviral immune responses
Type II - Important for antibacterial responses

39
Q

What do chemokines do

A

Made in specific locations of the body or at a site of infection to attract immune cells - different chemokines = different immune cell recruitment

40
Q

What are tumour necrosis factors (TNFs)

A

Family of cytokines that stimulate immune cell proliferation and activation. Needed to activate inflammatory responses so drugs like TNF blockers are used to treat a variety of disorders like some autoimmune diseases

41
Q

Where can you find Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A

On innate immune cells like macrophages and dendritic cells, on the cell surface or in intracellular compartments because microbes may be found in the body or inside infected cells

42
Q

Where can B cell receptors be found

A

On adaptive immune cells, on their cell surfaces and also as antibodies to neutralise pathogens

43
Q

How are unique receptors for each B cell receptor generated

A

Genes for B cell receptors are randomly rearranged at specific cell maturation stages

44
Q

Where can T cell receptors be found

A

Only on the cell surface of adaptive immune cells

45
Q

How are unique receptors for each T cell receptor generated

A

Genes for T cell receptors are randomly rearranged at specific cell maturation stages

46
Q

What is an MHC and HLA

A 
MHC = Major histocompatibility complex 
HLA = Human leukocyte antigen
47
Q

What do MHC Class I proteins do

A

These function as carriers to present antigens on cell surfaces (viral ones mainly)

CD8+ cells will recognise and kill infected cells

48
Q

Where can you find MHC class I proteins

A

On almost all cell types except RBCs

49
Q

Where are MHC class II proteins generally only expressed

A

On antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells and macrophages

50
Q

What do MHC class II proteins do

A

Important to present antigens to CD4+ T cells

51
Q

AY BAWS CAN I HABE DE NOTE PLZ

A

I think these CD4+ T cells can be activated by super antigens derived from bacteria

52
Q

Where are MHC class II antigens derived from

A

MHC class II antigens are varied and include pathogen an host derived molecules

FHHD (21 decks)

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