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Principles > Pathology (Neoplasia) > Flashcards

Pathology (Neoplasia) Flashcards

1
Q

Uncontrolled cell proliferation and growth that can invade other tissues

A

Cancer

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2
Q

What does Tumour mean?

A

Swelling

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3
Q

What does Neoplasia mean?

A

New Growth

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4
Q

If a neoplasm is malignant, what membrane does malignancy go beyond?

A

Malignancy goes beyond basement membrane (of epithelium)

metastases

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5
Q

Dysplasia

A

Disordered growthe

Growth is not in respense to a stimulus

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6
Q

What are the two “…asia”s associated with cancer?

A

Dysplasia

Hyperplasia

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7
Q

What promotes cell growth?

A

Oncogenes

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8
Q

What “turns off” inhibition of cell growth?

A

Tumour suppressor genes

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9
Q

How do cancer cells avoid dying?

A

Evade apoptosis

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10
Q

Risk factors for cancer:

A 
Genes
Smoking
Alcohol
UV radiation
Other radiation
Drugs
Infections
Obesity
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11
Q

What type of genes are BRCA1 and BRCA1

A

Tumour suppressor genes

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12
Q

What is meant by “autosomal dominant”?

A

Only need one copy of faulty gene for it to have an effect

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13
Q

What type of cancer does a mutation in the APC gene cause?

A

Bowel cancer

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14
Q

What gene mutation cause what issues?

A 
P53 – Li Fraumeni
APC – FAP/Gardener’s
PTCH – Gorlin’s syndrome
PTEN – Cowden’s syndrome
RET – MEN1
MLH1 etc – HNPCC and Muir Torres
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15
Q

What chemicals are said to cause cancer?

A 
Smoking - >40 carcinogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Aflatoxin (fungus found on peanuts)
Beta-naphthylamine (chemical dyes)
Nitrosamines (food preservative)
Arsenic – skin cancer
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16
Q

Which type of cancer has been associated with arsenic?

A

Skin cancer

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17
Q

Which types of cancer have been associated with smoking?

A

Lung (small cell and others)
Head and neck cancers
Bladder cancers
Cervical cancer (with HPV)

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18
Q

Which type of cancer has been associated with aflatoxins (fungus on peanuts)?

A

Liver cancers

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19
Q

Which type of cancer has been associated with dye?

A

Bladder cancers

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20
Q

What does UV radiation do to DNA?

A

Causes formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA

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21
Q

What is E7?

HPV

A

An oncogene product of HPV.

Promotes mitosis

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22
Q

What does E6 do?

A

Increases destruction of p53

prevents apoptosis of damaged cells

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23
Q

What does E7 do?

A 
Prevents retinoblastoma (RB) protein from acting
Therefore mitosis continues to be promoted
(Rb usually binds to E2F but when this is prevented, E2F is free of Rb and so E2F promotes transcription of DNA polymerase etc etc
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24
Q

What 2 things are damaging in HPV?

A

E6 - increases destruction of p53

E7 - prevents retinoblastoma (RB) protein from acting

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25
Q

What is EBV?

A

Epstein-Barr Virus

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26
Q

What in the stomach can predispose to malignant changes?

A

Chronic gastritis

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27
Q

What hormone is cholesterol analagous to?

A

Oestrogen

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28
Q

“Malignant”=

A

Invasive and able to metastasise

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29
Q

“Dysplastic”=

A

Neoplastic.
Benign.
Premalignant

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30
Q

Tumours that grow successfully develop the ability to create their own blood supply
What is this called?

A

Angiogenesis

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31
Q

Which two growth factors are involved in angiogenesis?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)

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32
Q

What does Bevacizumab block?

A 
VEGF receptor
(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor)
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33
Q

What does Imatinib block?

A

PDGF receptor

platelet derived growth factor receptor

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34
Q

Genes that promote growth

“turn on genes”

A

Oncogenes

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35
Q

Genes that slow growth

“turn off genes”

A

Tumour Suppressor genes

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36
Q

How does breaking the spell checker lead to cancer formation?

A

Allows accumulation of “spelling mistakes” in oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and those that avoid apoptosis, meaning these don’t work properly and they can progress through the cell cycle with mistakes and cause problems.

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37
Q

“Only one mutation is requoired for cells to proliferate”

True or False?

A

False

More than one mutation needed for cells to proliferate

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38
Q

What mutation is involved in colon cancer?

A

APC mutation

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39
Q

The three key stages that go wrong in cancer formation genetically are Initiation, Promotion and Persistence.
What is meant by initiation?

A

1st mutation acquired
Often oncogene, tumour suppressor, DNA repair, evasion of apoptosis
Single cells/groups of cells

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40
Q

The three key stages that go wrong in cancer formation genetically are Initiation, Promotion and Persistence.
What is meant by promotion?

A

Further accumulation of mutations
Additive effect
Increased growth
Often results in a “pre-malignant” phase - dysplasia

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41
Q

The three key stages that go wrong in cancer formation genetically are Initiation, Promotion and Persistence.
What is meant by persistence(/progression)?

A

Cell has developed mutations that allow it to grow in an autonomous fashion.
Unregulated abnormal growth
Cells have developed the ability to invade connective tissue and blood vessels
Malignancy has been achieved

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42
Q

What are the three catagories of growth receptors?

A
  1. Receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
  2. 7 transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors
  3. Receptors without intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
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43
Q

What is C-KIT?

A

Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR), also known as proto-oncogene c-Kit or tyrosine-protein kinase Kit or CD117, is a receptor tyrosine kinase protein that in humans is encoded by the KIT gene.
Mutated in gastro-intestinal stromal tumours (GIST) and leukaemias.

44
Q

Which gene is commonly mutated in gastro-intestinal stromal tumours and leukaemias?
(what is a common therapeutic agent for this?)

A

C-KIT

Imatinub now common therapeutic agent

45
Q

What genes (3) are GTP-binding?

A

KRAS, HRAS, NRAS

46
Q

What inhibitor is licensed for melanoma treatment?

A

Vemurafanib

47
Q

What type of mutation is 50% of melonomas?

A

RAF mutated

48
Q

“RAF gene is upstream of RAS gene”

True or False?

A

False.

RAF is downstream of RAS gene

49
Q

What is Myc?

A

One of the last points in the sequence

Myc is a nuclear transcription factor that promotes growth – DNA replication etc

50
Q

What type of lymphoma can be diagnosed from a Myc translocation?

A

Burkitt Lymphoma (8;14)

51
Q

What is the most commonly mutated kinase in cancer?

A

P13K

52
Q

How many transmembrane G protein coupled receptors are there?

A

7

53
Q

What does FAP stand for?

A

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

54
Q

What are germline mutations?

A

A germline mutation is any detectable and heritable variation in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells are transmitted to offspring, while, on the other hand, those in somatic cells are not.

55
Q

Can Non-intrinsic TK receptors autophosphorylate?

A

No.

They have to recruit something else to do it for them.

56
Q

What type of malignancies are associated with JAK2?

A

Haematological malignancies

57
Q

What type of protein is p53?

A

Tumour suppressor genes

it can initiate apoptosis if DNA abnormality cannot by repaired

58
Q

What is the most commonly mutated protein across all cancers?

A

p53

59
Q

What does p21 do?

A

Inhibitis CDK

60
Q

What does p27 do?

A

Blocks CDK and cell progression

61
Q

WHat does PTEN do?

A

Increases transcription of p27.
P27 blocks CDKs and cell cycle progression
Inhibits PI3K/AKT pathway we saw earlier
Without PTEN and therefore p27 cells can proliferate in an uncontrolled fashion

62
Q

Which (2) genes are commonly mutated in breast cancer?

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2

63
Q

What genes are involved in evasion of apoptosis?

A

p53 and BCL2

64
Q

What does p53 increase levels of?

A

BAX
(BAX stops BCL2, BCL2 is anti-apoptotic)
(more apoptosis)

65
Q

Follicular lymphoma is a tumour of the cells within the folice. How do these cells become malignant?

A

By avoiding apoptosis

They switch on Bcl-2 on chromosome 18

66
Q

Ig_ turns on Bcl-2:

A

IgH

67
Q

What does IgH do that can lead to follicular lymphoma?

A

IgH turns on Bcl-2

68
Q

“slow growing lesions are usually benign” True/False

A

True

69
Q

If a capsule has formed surrounding the growwing tussue, what does this imply about the growing tissue?

A

That it’s slow growing
(Capsules take time to form, suggesting that the lesion is slow growing)
(Slow growing lesions are usually benign!)

70
Q

What part of the body do mesenchymal tumours affect?

A

Connective tissue

71
Q

What part of the body do haematopoietic tumours affect?

A

White cells etc

72
Q

What type of cancer affects epithelial cells?

A

Carcinomas

73
Q

What type of cancer affects glandular cells?

A

Adenocarcinoma

74
Q

What type of cancer affects squamous cells?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

75
Q

What type of cancer affects the bladder?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

sometimes called urothelial cell carcinoma

76
Q

Whats the difference between adenoma and adenocarcinoma?

A

Adenoma - benign
Adenocarcinoma - malignant
(both affect glandular tissue)

77
Q

Whats the difference between Papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Papilloma - benign
Squamous Cell Carcinoma - malignant
(both affect squamous cells)

78
Q

What is a malignant Mesenchyme tumour called?

malignant tumours of connective tissues

A

Sarcomas

79
Q

Benign tumours of fat

A

Lipoma

80
Q

Malignant tumours of fat

A

Liposarcoma

81
Q

Benign tumour of bone

A

Osteoma

82
Q

Malignant tumour of bone

A

Osteosarcoma (rare)

83
Q

Benign tumour of cartilage

A

Enchondroma

84
Q

Malignant tumour of cartilage

A

Chondrosarcoma

85
Q

Benign tumour of skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdomyoma
(rare)
(children)

86
Q

Malignant tumour of skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma
(rare)
(eye, bile duct, gynae tract)

87
Q

Benign tumour of smooth muscle

A

Leiomyoma

one of the most common tumours in the body

88
Q

Name one of the most common (benign) tumours in the body

A

Leiomyoma

benign tumour of smooth muscle

89
Q

Malignant tumour of smooth muscle

A

Leiomyosarcoma

very uncommon

90
Q

Benign tumour of nerves

A

Neurofibroma, Schwannoma

91
Q

What is a Schwannoma?

A

A benign nerve sheath tumor composed of Schwann cells

92
Q

Malignant tumour of nerves

A

Malignat peripheral nerve sheath tumour

93
Q

Benign tumour of blood vessels

A

Haemangioma

94
Q

Malignant tumour of blood vessels

A

Aniosarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma

95
Q

What is Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

A malignant tumour of the blood vessels, caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8

96
Q

Tumours of the central nervous sytem

A

Gliomas

97
Q

What are Gliomas?

A

Tumours of the central nervous sytem.

Range from benign version of a tumour to malignat version.

98
Q

“All neoplasias of the blood are malignant”

True or False?

A

True

Leukaemias, Lymphomas

99
Q

What does TNM staging involve?

A

Tumour? (T1-4)
Node?
Metastasis?

100
Q

Keep Going! You can do this!

A

You go girl! You got this!

101
Q

What negative affect can a brain tumour have?

A

Can affect heart rate, pressure in cerebrum increases, seizures, breathing centres in brain affected

102
Q

What does “Cachexia” mean?

A

weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness
(weight loss in cancer)

103
Q

What can occur if tumour infiltrates blood vessels?

A

Haemorrhage

104
Q

Why do tumours cause fever?

A

Abnormal production of endogenous “pyrogenes”

105
Q

Well done! You’re doing well!

A

Keep powering on! You can do this!

Principles (5 decks)

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