Pathology (Inflammation)

Question 1

Where are Selectins expressed?

Answer 1

On endothelial cell surface

Question 2

What do integrins bind to?

Answer 2

Bind to vessel walls, cell matrix and other cells

Question 3

What does VCAM stand for?

Answer 3

Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule

Question 4

What does ICAM stand for?

Answer 4

Intercellular adhesion molecule

Question 5

TNF and Il-1 increased endothelial cell expression of what (2) molecules?

Answer 5

VCAM (Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule)

ICAM (Intercellular adhesion molecule )

Question 6

Describe chemotaxis

Answer 6

Cells follow a chemical gradient and move along it

Question 7

What are the 3 stages of phagocytosis?

Answer 7

Recognition and attachment
Engulfment
Killing and Degradation

Question 8

Do mammalian glycoproteins and glycolipids contain terminal mannose residues?

Answer 8

No.
Bacterial surface glycoproteins and glycolipids contain terminal mannose residues.
Mammalian glycoproteins and glycolipids do not (sialic acid or N-acetylgalactosamine)

Question 9

Which receptors are invilved in the “recognition and attachment” stage of phagocytosis?

Answer 9

Scavenger receptors

Question 10

In terms of the “killing and degredation” stage of phagocytosis, what is involved with the reactive oxygen species?

Answer 10

NADPH oxidase – oxygen gains an electron from NADPH and becomes superoxide

Question 11

In terms of the “killing and degredation” stage of phagocytosis, what is involved with the reactive nitrogen species?

Answer 11

Nitric oxide synthase – combines NO with superoxide and produces ONOO

Question 12

What two things is pain mediated by in inflammation?

Answer 12

Prostaglandins

Bradykinin

Question 13

What is Suppuration?

Answer 13

The formation of pus,
from: 
living cells
dying cells
dead neutrophils
cellular debris
bacteria

Question 14

What is the name for the formation of pus?

Answer 14

Suppuration

Question 15

What is meant by “Organisation” of tissues?

Answer 15

Organisation of tissues is their replacement by granulation

tissue.

Question 16

What factors favour organismation?

Granulation tissue replacing tissues

Answer 16

Large amounts of fibrin formed
Substantial necrosis
Exudate and debris cannot be removed or discharged

Question 17

“Chronic inflammation can develop from acute inflammation.”

True or False?

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What is more common, chronic inflammation to have developed from acute inflammation or primary chronic inflammation?

Answer 18

Primary Chronic Inflammation

Question 19

What is “Osteomyelitis”?

Answer 19

A chronic abcess
which is extremely
difficult to eradicate.

Question 20

Which (3) cells predominate in chronic inflammation?

Answer 20

Plasma cells
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
(usually accompanied by the foramtion of granulation tussue resulting in fobrosis)

Question 21

Give two examples of cases where resistance of infective agent to phagocytosis and intracellular killing
causes primary chronic inflammation:

Answer 21

TB

Leprosy

Question 22

Give an example of a case where foreign bodies reactions to endogenous materials causes primary chronic inflammation:

Answer 22

Gout

Question 23

Give an example of a case where foreign bodies reactions to exogenous materials causes primary chronic inflammation:

Answer 23

Asbestos

Question 24

Give an example of a case where an autoimmune disease causes primary chronic inflammation:

Answer 24

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Question 25

"Ulcerative colitis is an example of acute inflammation." | True or False?

Answer 25

False | Ulcerative colitis is an example of a primary chronic inflammatory disease

Question 26

"Sarcoidosis is a primary Granulomatous disease which is an example of primary chronic inflammation." True or False?

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 27

UC

Question 28

What is a monocyte formed from originally?

Answer 28

Stem cell become promonocyte, which becomes monocyte (In bone marrow) (Monocytes in blood in chronic inflammation)

Question 29

Which cells are present in the tissues in chronic inflammation?

Answer 29

``` Kupfer cells Alveolar macrophages CT histiocyte Osteoclast Giant cell ```

Question 30

What is MAF?

Answer 30

Macrophage activation factor | activates macrophages in chronic inflammation

Question 31

What is MIF?

Answer 31

migration inhibition factor | activates macrophages in chronic inflammation

Question 32

What is a granuloma?

Answer 32

an aggregate of epitheliod histiocytes

Question 33

What is a histiocyte?

Answer 33

is a macrophage present in connective tissue

Question 34

Leading infectious cause of mortality in man.

Answer 34

TB

Question 35

How much of world population infected by mycobacterium tb?

Answer 35

1/3

Question 36

How is TB acquired?

Answer 36

Inhalation

Question 37

TB can be caused by: | 2

Answer 37

M. tuberculosis (humans sole reservoir) M. bovis (aerosol spread from infectedcattle/humans or drinking contaminated milk (1-2%). M.bovis initially causes intestinal/tonsillar lesions.)

Question 38

Symptoms of TB:

Answer 38

cough, haemoptysis, weight loss, night sweats.

Question 39

What type of reactions in tissue do Mycobacteria cause?

Answer 39

Granulomatous reactions

Question 40

Lab Diagnosis of TB:

Answer 40

Mycobacterium are acid/alcohol fast using the Ziehl Neelsen | stain (resist decolourisation with strong acids/alcohol).

Question 41

What are important macrophage activators in TB?

Answer 41

Effector T cells and macrophages participate in the control of tuberculosis. Interferon (IFN) and tumour-necrosis factor (TNF), produced by T cells, are important macrophage activators.