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Principles > Pathology (Inflammation) > Flashcards

Pathology (Inflammation) Flashcards

1
Q

Where are Selectins expressed?

A

On endothelial cell surface

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2
Q

What do integrins bind to?

A

Bind to vessel walls, cell matrix and other cells

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3
Q

What does VCAM stand for?

A

Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule

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4
Q

What does ICAM stand for?

A

Intercellular adhesion molecule

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5
Q

TNF and Il-1 increased endothelial cell expression of what (2) molecules?

A

VCAM (Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule)

ICAM (Intercellular adhesion molecule )

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6
Q

Describe chemotaxis

A

Cells follow a chemical gradient and move along it

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7
Q

What are the 3 stages of phagocytosis?

A

Recognition and attachment
Engulfment
Killing and Degradation

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8
Q

Do mammalian glycoproteins and glycolipids contain terminal mannose residues?

A

No.
Bacterial surface glycoproteins and glycolipids contain terminal mannose residues.
Mammalian glycoproteins and glycolipids do not (sialic acid or N-acetylgalactosamine)

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9
Q

Which receptors are invilved in the “recognition and attachment” stage of phagocytosis?

A

Scavenger receptors

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10
Q

In terms of the “killing and degredation” stage of phagocytosis, what is involved with the reactive oxygen species?

A

NADPH oxidase – oxygen gains an electron from NADPH and becomes superoxide

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11
Q

In terms of the “killing and degredation” stage of phagocytosis, what is involved with the reactive nitrogen species?

A

Nitric oxide synthase – combines NO with superoxide and produces ONOO

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12
Q

What two things is pain mediated by in inflammation?

A

Prostaglandins

Bradykinin

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13
Q

What is Suppuration?

A 
The formation of pus,
from: 
living cells
dying cells
dead neutrophils
cellular debris
bacteria
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14
Q

What is the name for the formation of pus?

A

Suppuration

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15
Q

What is meant by “Organisation” of tissues?

A

Organisation of tissues is their replacement by granulation

tissue.

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16
Q

What factors favour organismation?

Granulation tissue replacing tissues

A

Large amounts of fibrin formed
Substantial necrosis
Exudate and debris cannot be removed or discharged

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17
Q

“Chronic inflammation can develop from acute inflammation.”

True or False?

A

True

18
Q

What is more common, chronic inflammation to have developed from acute inflammation or primary chronic inflammation?

A

Primary Chronic Inflammation

19
Q

What is “Osteomyelitis”?

A

A chronic abcess
which is extremely
difficult to eradicate.

20
Q

Which (3) cells predominate in chronic inflammation?

A

Plasma cells
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
(usually accompanied by the foramtion of granulation tussue resulting in fobrosis)

21
Q

Give two examples of cases where resistance of infective agent to phagocytosis and intracellular killing
causes primary chronic inflammation:

A

TB

Leprosy

22
Q

Give an example of a case where foreign bodies reactions to endogenous materials causes primary chronic inflammation:

A

Gout

23
Q

Give an example of a case where foreign bodies reactions to exogenous materials causes primary chronic inflammation:

A

Asbestos

24
Q

Give an example of a case where an autoimmune disease causes primary chronic inflammation:

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

25
Q

“Ulcerative colitis is an example of acute inflammation.”

True or False?

A

False

Ulcerative colitis is an example of a primary chronic inflammatory disease

26
Q

“Sarcoidosis is a primary Granulomatous disease which is an example of primary chronic inflammation.”

True or False?

A

True

27
Q

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease

A

UC

28
Q

What is a monocyte formed from originally?

A

Stem cell become promonocyte, which becomes monocyte
(In bone marrow)
(Monocytes in blood in chronic inflammation)

29
Q

Which cells are present in the tissues in chronic inflammation?

A 
Kupfer cells
Alveolar macrophages
CT histiocyte
Osteoclast
Giant cell
30
Q

What is MAF?

A

Macrophage activation factor

activates macrophages in chronic inflammation

31
Q

What is MIF?

A

migration inhibition factor

activates macrophages in chronic inflammation

32
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

an aggregate of epitheliod histiocytes

33
Q

What is a histiocyte?

A

is a macrophage present in connective tissue

34
Q

Leading infectious cause of mortality in man.

A

TB

35
Q

How much of world population infected by mycobacterium tb?

A

1/3

36
Q

How is TB acquired?

A

Inhalation

37
Q

TB can be caused by:

2

A

M. tuberculosis (humans sole reservoir)
M. bovis (aerosol spread from infectedcattle/humans or drinking contaminated milk (1-2%). M.bovis initially causes intestinal/tonsillar lesions.)

38
Q

Symptoms of TB:

A

cough, haemoptysis, weight loss, night sweats.

39
Q

What type of reactions in tissue do Mycobacteria cause?

A

Granulomatous reactions

40
Q

Lab Diagnosis of TB:

A

Mycobacterium are acid/alcohol fast using the Ziehl Neelsen

stain (resist decolourisation with strong acids/alcohol).

41
Q

What are important macrophage activators in TB?

A

Effector T cells and macrophages participate in the control of tuberculosis. Interferon (IFN) and tumour-necrosis factor (TNF), produced by T cells, are important macrophage activators.

Principles (5 decks)

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