Pathology Lab Cellular Rxns PDF

Question 1

Chronic intubation can lead to ______ of tracheal tissue.

Answer 1

metaplasia

change from columnar–>squamous

Question 2

Describe the “downsizing” cell response when there is injury.

Answer 2

This happens when skeletal muscle is injured. The cell number is the same, but the size of the cell is reduced. This is atrophy of the skeletal muscle fibers. Here: innervation to small fibers is lost. Note: this can happen with different types of tissue.

Question 3

What does Alzheimer’s disease do to the brain?

Answer 3

it causes cerebral atrophy

gyri are narrowed & intervening sulci are widened

Question 4

What is it indicative of if you see yellow-brown pigment in the liver?

Answer 4

this might be seen in hypoxic areas, like next to the central vein.
this pigment is lipochrome that has accumulated
the atrophic & dying cells are undergoing autophagy

Question 5

If a patient has systemic HTN, what might happen to their heart?

Answer 5

perhaps cardiac hypertrophy, particularly the LV

the # of muscle fibers does NOT increase, but their size increases.

Question 6

Is hyperplasia of the endometrium always pathological?

Answer 6

Not necessarily. Could be physiologic w/ the menstrual cycle.
Hyperplasia happens to increase endometrial glands & stroma.

Question 7

What might you see with prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 7

a prostate greater than 3-4 cm in diameter.

more prostate glands, more stroma, more nodular than uniform

Question 8

What might happen to a smoker’s larynx epithelium? What is this the first step towards?

Answer 8

it may undergo metaplasia from respiratory epithelium to squamous.
first step towards neoplasia

Question 9

What might dysplasia of the cervix look like? What is the significance of this?

Answer 9

squamous epithelium becomes disorderly & dysplastic

this is more serious than metaplasia, on the road toward neoplasia, but still reversible.

Question 10

Describe the appearance of neoplasia in a patient w/ squamous cell carcinoma.

Answer 10

neoplastic cells in nests w/ pink cytoplasmic keratin.

Question 11

Which is more dangerous: neoplasms that are more or less differentiated?

Answer 11

less differentiated=more dangerous

Question 12

On a histo slide, what do the cells look like that are undergoing apoptosis?

Answer 12

enlarged
pink from the loss of cytoplasm
without nuclei
fragmented b/c of caspases

Question 13

If you saw apoptosis in a fetal thymus, would that be good or bad? What would it look like?

Answer 13

is normal, physiologic
involution of thymic lymphocytes via apoptosis
cells fragment & are consumed by phagocytes
therefore, you see some clear spaces

Question 14

Apoptosis is encouraged when _____ is turned on & _____ is turned off.

Answer 14

Bax is turned on

BCL2 is turned off

Question 15

If a coronary artery was blocked…what would the damaged heart tissue look like? What type of tissue death would this be?

Answer 15

Coagulative/Ischemic Necrosis
nuclei pyknotic (shrunken & dark) & karorrhexis (fragmented) & karyolysis (dissolved)
cell borders no longer recognizable
**can’t tell–>this is heart muscle!

Question 16

When do definable patterns of necrosis occur, such as a wedge shape?

Answer 16

when many cells undergo necrosis at once b/c of ischemia or infarction

Question 17

So… I’m in the kidney & I see 3 zones. One zone has normal renal parenchyma. The next zone over is redder. The furthest zone has cells that are pale & ghost-like. What am I observing?

Answer 17

Coagulative Necrosis

**normal renal parenchyma–> hemorrhagic zone–>necrotic tissue (b/c of anoxia)

Question 18

What would you think if you saw a wedge-shaped pale area of the adrenal cortex with a thin border of normal tissue near the top?

Answer 18

Infarction from loss of blood supply
Coagulative necrosis seen in the pale area
capsular arterial branches keep the top border from becoming ischemic.

Question 19

T/F The small bowel is somewhat difficult to infarct.

Answer 19

True. b/c of the anastomotic connections. **could happen if you got the bowel caught in a hernia & cut off its mesenteric blood supply

Question 20

What would the small bowel look like if it was infarcted?

Answer 20

dark red–>grey instead of pale pink

Question 21

What might liquefactive necrosis of the lung look like?

Answer 21

abscesses in the lobes w/ liquid in the middle

Question 22

What are some things that make liquefactive necrosis more likely?

Answer 22

basically, you see it w/ infection
typical of tissues w/ lots of lipids
or when there is an abscess w/ lots of acute inflammatory cells (like neutrophils)

Question 23

When would you see liquefactive necrosis in the brain? What would it look like?

Answer 23

during a stroke (loss of blood supply to the cerebrum)
you would see loss of neurons & neuroglial cells
formation of clear space

Question 24

What cell type might you see cleaning up an area of liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 24

macrophages–the janitors

Question 25

When does coagulative/ischemic v. liquefactive necrosis happen?

Answer 25

Coagulative/Ischemic: happens with reduced blood supply | Liquefactive Necrosis: infection

Question 26

Which cell type predominates in acute inflammation? Chronic inflammation?

Answer 26

``` Acute: neutrophils macrophages Chronic: macrophages lymphocytes ```

Question 27

If you see a pancreas with an area of chalky, soft, white areas...what might explain this? What is this?

Answer 27

Fat necrosis | b/c of damage to pancreatic acini & release of powerful enzymes

Question 28

What do necrotic fat cells look like on a microscopic level?

Answer 28

vague cellular outlines loss of peripheral nuclei pink, amorphous cytoplasm

Question 29

What would a messed up hilar lymph node of a lung w/ TB look like? What type of inflammation is associated w/ this situation?

Answer 29

Caseous necrosis--looks cheesy (tan-->white) combo of liquefactive & coagulative necrosis **Granulomatous inflammation associated w/ this. Note: can form cystic spaces too!

Question 30

What does caseous necrosis look like microscopically?

Answer 30

acellular pink areas of necrosis | surrounded by granulomatous inflammation

Question 31

What type of necrosis is seen w/ frostbite? What is this related to?

Answer 31

Gangrenous necrosis (looks green) **related to coagulative necrosis b/c of lack of oxygen DRY gangrene

Question 32

What type of necrosis would be seen w/ a patient w/ a leg amputation from TIIDM?

Answer 32

Gangrenous necrosis WET gangrene b/c related to both coagulative necrosis (loss of blood supply) & liquefactive necrosis (infection)

Question 33

T/F Gangrenous necrosis can extend to multiple tissue layers in a body part.

Answer 33

True. Why amputation is often necessary.

Question 34

What are neurofibrillary tangles?

Answer 34

cytoskeletal filaments that are grouped together in elongated pink tangles in a patient w/ Alzheimer's disease

Question 35

What is mallory's hyaline?

Answer 35

mallory bodies in liver that are filled w/ messed up cytoskeletal filaments *they're messed up b/c of the alcoholism of the patient

Question 36

What is fatty metamorphosis?

Answer 36

intracellular accumulation of fat in response to cellular injury like alcoholism-->changes the fat of the liver

Question 37

What is the appearance of a liver that has undergone cirrhosis?

Answer 37

firm (fibrotic b/c of healing from chronic alcoholism) | nodular (b/c of regeneration that could happen after chronic alcoholism)

Question 38

Where might amyloid deposits be found?

Answer 38

``` in the kidney around glomeruli (mesangium) capillary loops renal tubules **kinda looks like pink deposits ```

Question 39

What might the spleen of a pt w/ Gaucher disease look like?

Answer 39

lack of glucocerebrosidase enzyme accumulation of glycosylceremide in the lysosomes you see large pale cells containing this lipid

Question 40

What is lipochrome? Where is it found?

Answer 40

yellow-brown pigment seen in liver just b/c of aging from autophagocytosis of cellular debris

Question 41

What is hemosiderin? Where is it found?

Answer 41

brown, coarse, granular material found in alveoli **this accumulates b/c of breakdown of RBCs & heme macrophages clear this debris away **also found in Kupffer cells or hepatocytes

Question 42

What causes icterus or jaundice?

Answer 42

increased amounts of circulating bilirubin in the blood | causes yellowish hue of sclera of the eye

Question 43

Where might you find anthracotic pigment? Is it dangerous?

Answer 43

might find it in b/w the lobules of the lung underneath the pleura, as black streaks **not necessarily harmful, see if you are a smoker or live in an industrialized country

Question 44

Calcium is more likely to be deposited in tissues that are ______.

Answer 44

damaged!

Question 45

If a patient has hypercalcemia, what might happen to their lung or something?

Answer 45

lots of calcification | metastatic calcification