Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 4; Week 3 > Pathology Lab Cellular Rxns PDF > Flashcards

Pathology Lab Cellular Rxns PDF Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic intubation can lead to ______ of tracheal tissue.

A

metaplasia

change from columnar–>squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the “downsizing” cell response when there is injury.

A

This happens when skeletal muscle is injured. The cell number is the same, but the size of the cell is reduced. This is atrophy of the skeletal muscle fibers. Here: innervation to small fibers is lost. Note: this can happen with different types of tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does Alzheimer’s disease do to the brain?

A

it causes cerebral atrophy

gyri are narrowed & intervening sulci are widened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is it indicative of if you see yellow-brown pigment in the liver?

A

this might be seen in hypoxic areas, like next to the central vein.
this pigment is lipochrome that has accumulated
the atrophic & dying cells are undergoing autophagy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If a patient has systemic HTN, what might happen to their heart?

A

perhaps cardiac hypertrophy, particularly the LV

the # of muscle fibers does NOT increase, but their size increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is hyperplasia of the endometrium always pathological?

A

Not necessarily. Could be physiologic w/ the menstrual cycle.
Hyperplasia happens to increase endometrial glands & stroma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What might you see with prostatic hyperplasia?

A

a prostate greater than 3-4 cm in diameter.

more prostate glands, more stroma, more nodular than uniform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What might happen to a smoker’s larynx epithelium? What is this the first step towards?

A

it may undergo metaplasia from respiratory epithelium to squamous.
first step towards neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What might dysplasia of the cervix look like? What is the significance of this?

A

squamous epithelium becomes disorderly & dysplastic

this is more serious than metaplasia, on the road toward neoplasia, but still reversible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the appearance of neoplasia in a patient w/ squamous cell carcinoma.

A

neoplastic cells in nests w/ pink cytoplasmic keratin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which is more dangerous: neoplasms that are more or less differentiated?

A

less differentiated=more dangerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

On a histo slide, what do the cells look like that are undergoing apoptosis?

A

enlarged
pink from the loss of cytoplasm
without nuclei
fragmented b/c of caspases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If you saw apoptosis in a fetal thymus, would that be good or bad? What would it look like?

A

is normal, physiologic
involution of thymic lymphocytes via apoptosis
cells fragment & are consumed by phagocytes
therefore, you see some clear spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Apoptosis is encouraged when _____ is turned on & _____ is turned off.

A

Bax is turned on

BCL2 is turned off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If a coronary artery was blocked…what would the damaged heart tissue look like? What type of tissue death would this be?

A

Coagulative/Ischemic Necrosis
nuclei pyknotic (shrunken & dark) & karorrhexis (fragmented) & karyolysis (dissolved)
cell borders no longer recognizable
**can’t tell–>this is heart muscle!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When do definable patterns of necrosis occur, such as a wedge shape?

A

when many cells undergo necrosis at once b/c of ischemia or infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

So… I’m in the kidney & I see 3 zones. One zone has normal renal parenchyma. The next zone over is redder. The furthest zone has cells that are pale & ghost-like. What am I observing?

A

Coagulative Necrosis

**normal renal parenchyma–> hemorrhagic zone–>necrotic tissue (b/c of anoxia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What would you think if you saw a wedge-shaped pale area of the adrenal cortex with a thin border of normal tissue near the top?

A

Infarction from loss of blood supply
Coagulative necrosis seen in the pale area
capsular arterial branches keep the top border from becoming ischemic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F The small bowel is somewhat difficult to infarct.

A

True. b/c of the anastomotic connections. **could happen if you got the bowel caught in a hernia & cut off its mesenteric blood supply

20
Q

What would the small bowel look like if it was infarcted?

A

dark red–>grey instead of pale pink

21
Q

What might liquefactive necrosis of the lung look like?

A

abscesses in the lobes w/ liquid in the middle

22
Q

What are some things that make liquefactive necrosis more likely?

A

basically, you see it w/ infection
typical of tissues w/ lots of lipids
or when there is an abscess w/ lots of acute inflammatory cells (like neutrophils)

23
Q

When would you see liquefactive necrosis in the brain? What would it look like?

A

during a stroke (loss of blood supply to the cerebrum)
you would see loss of neurons & neuroglial cells
formation of clear space

24
Q

What cell type might you see cleaning up an area of liquefactive necrosis?

A

macrophages–the janitors

25
Q

When does coagulative/ischemic v. liquefactive necrosis happen?

A

Coagulative/Ischemic: happens with reduced blood supply

Liquefactive Necrosis: infection

26
Q

Which cell type predominates in acute inflammation? Chronic inflammation?

A 
Acute:
neutrophils
macrophages
Chronic:
macrophages
lymphocytes
27
Q

If you see a pancreas with an area of chalky, soft, white areas…what might explain this? What is this?

A

Fat necrosis

b/c of damage to pancreatic acini & release of powerful enzymes

28
Q

What do necrotic fat cells look like on a microscopic level?

A

vague cellular outlines
loss of peripheral nuclei
pink, amorphous cytoplasm

29
Q

What would a messed up hilar lymph node of a lung w/ TB look like? What type of inflammation is associated w/ this situation?

A

Caseous necrosis–looks cheesy (tan–>white)
combo of liquefactive & coagulative necrosis
**Granulomatous inflammation associated w/ this.
Note: can form cystic spaces too!

30
Q

What does caseous necrosis look like microscopically?

A

acellular pink areas of necrosis

surrounded by granulomatous inflammation

31
Q

What type of necrosis is seen w/ frostbite? What is this related to?

A

Gangrenous necrosis (looks green)
**related to coagulative necrosis b/c of lack of oxygen
DRY gangrene

32
Q

What type of necrosis would be seen w/ a patient w/ a leg amputation from TIIDM?

A

Gangrenous necrosis
WET gangrene
b/c related to both coagulative necrosis (loss of blood supply) & liquefactive necrosis (infection)

33
Q

T/F Gangrenous necrosis can extend to multiple tissue layers in a body part.

A

True. Why amputation is often necessary.

34
Q

What are neurofibrillary tangles?

A

cytoskeletal filaments that are grouped together in elongated pink tangles in a patient w/ Alzheimer’s disease

35
Q

What is mallory’s hyaline?

A

mallory bodies in liver that are filled w/ messed up cytoskeletal filaments
*they’re messed up b/c of the alcoholism of the patient

36
Q

What is fatty metamorphosis?

A

intracellular accumulation of fat in response to cellular injury
like alcoholism–>changes the fat of the liver

37
Q

What is the appearance of a liver that has undergone cirrhosis?

A

firm (fibrotic b/c of healing from chronic alcoholism)

nodular (b/c of regeneration that could happen after chronic alcoholism)

38
Q

Where might amyloid deposits be found?

A 
in the kidney
around glomeruli (mesangium)
capillary loops
renal tubules
**kinda looks like pink deposits
39
Q

What might the spleen of a pt w/ Gaucher disease look like?

A

lack of glucocerebrosidase enzyme
accumulation of glycosylceremide in the lysosomes
you see large pale cells containing this lipid

40
Q

What is lipochrome? Where is it found?

A

yellow-brown pigment seen in liver
just b/c of aging
from autophagocytosis of cellular debris

41
Q

What is hemosiderin? Where is it found?

A

brown, coarse, granular material found in alveoli
**this accumulates b/c of breakdown of RBCs & heme
macrophages clear this debris away
**also found in Kupffer cells or hepatocytes

42
Q

What causes icterus or jaundice?

A

increased amounts of circulating bilirubin in the blood

causes yellowish hue of sclera of the eye

43
Q

Where might you find anthracotic pigment? Is it dangerous?

A

might find it in b/w the lobules of the lung underneath the pleura, as black streaks
**not necessarily harmful, see if you are a smoker or live in an industrialized country

44
Q

Calcium is more likely to be deposited in tissues that are ______.

A

damaged!

45
Q

If a patient has hypercalcemia, what might happen to their lung or something?

A

lots of calcification

metastatic calcification

Block 4; Week 3 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions