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RUSVM Pathology 1 > Pathology Final Exam Material > Flashcards

Pathology Final Exam Material Flashcards

1
Q

Copper is a component of __________ and deficiency may result in reduced pigmentation

A

Copper is a component of tyrosinase and deficiency may result in reduced pigmentation

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2
Q

What is sebaceous adenitis?

A

Inflammatory reaction that targets sebaceous glands

mostly a disease of dogs (rare in cats and horses)

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3
Q

T/F: Hypercalcemia due to osteolysis by skeletal metastases is not a paraneoplastic syndrome

A

True

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3
Q

What is the proposed target for autoantibody binding in the case of Pemphigus Vulgaris?

A

Desmoglein III

Proposed pathogenesis: autoantibodies bind to desmoglein III → keratinocytes release proteases → adhesion proteins lost → acantholysis → suprabasilar vesicles and bullae

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3
Q

Ventral deviation of the vertebral column is referred to as:

A

Lordosis

“boobs out”

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3
Q

T/F: Chondrosarcomas account for ~10% of primary bone tumors in the dog, and usually affect long bones more often than flat bones

A

False

Chondrosarcomas DO account for ~10% of primary bone tumors in the dog, but they usually affect flat bones (ribs, nasal turbinates, pelvis) more often than long bones

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4
Q

Decreased pigment of the hair is referred to as:

A

Leukotrichia

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5
Q

Sarcoid**s **are locally aggressive, non-metastatic fibroblastic skin tumors primarily of which species? What age?

A

Typically in young **horses, 3-6 years of age**

Caused by BPV types 1 and 2

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6
Q

The superficial dermatitis that occurs on opposed skin surfaces, such as the folds on this dogs face, is referred to as:

A

Intertrigo (skin fold dermatitis)

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6
Q

the fracturing of trabeculae without external deformation of cortical bone is termed:

A

Microfracture/infraction

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7
Q

An increase in the number of cells in the stratum spinosum is referred to as:

A

acanthosis

acanthosis is a diffuse epidermal hyperplasia (thickening of the skin)

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7
Q

T/F: Fibrosis is a sign of acute inflammation.

A

False.

Fibrin deposition may be seen in acute inflammation. Fibrosis is an indication of chronic inflammation

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8
Q

Group of diseases clinically characterized by vesicles or bullae and acantholysis:

A

Pemphigus

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8
Q

__________ is defined as the inability of skeletal muscle fibers to relax, resulting in spasmodic contraction

A

Myotonia

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10
Q

Most common cause(s) of Hepatogenous photosensitization?

A

Lantana camara and mycotoxins (sporidesmin)

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11
Q

Decreased pigment of the skin is referred to as:

A

Leukoderma

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11
Q

The causative agent of exudative epidermitis of pigs is:

A

Staphylococcus hyicus

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11
Q

What is the bacterial agent responsible for **Wooden Tongue **in cattle?

A

Actinobacillus ligniersii

Produces pyogranulomatous lesions in soft tissue

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11
Q

T/F: A carcinoma-in-situ refers to a cancer within an epithelial surface that has penetrated the basement- membrane

A

FALSE

A carcinoma-in-situ refers to a cancer within an epithelial surface that has not penetrated the basement- membrane

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12
Q

This thick, hard, hairless plaque was found on the elbow of a kennel dog. What would be your diagnosis?

A

callus

It’s a callus

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12
Q

Eosinophilic plaques are common lesions of the skin of which species?

A

Cats

(usually seen on the abdomen and medial thigh)

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13
Q

“Rubber Jaw,” shown in the image, is commonly seen associated with:

A

2° Renal Hyperparathyroidism

Bones (especially those of the head) become swollen and are firm rather than hard; maxilla and mandible are usually affected; the mandibles may become quite pliable (rubber jaw)

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14
Q

Histamine is present in tissues, basophils, and platelets, but primarily in ____________

A

mast cells

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16
Q

Dermatophilosis affects a variety of domestic animal species. What is the causative agent?

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

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16
Q

T/F: Osteomalacia is a disease affecting young growing animals

A

False

Osteomalacia is a disease of grown (adult) animals (closed growth plate) - similar pathogenesis to rickets

Failure in the mineralization of osteoid primarily due to Vitamin D or Phosphorous deficiency

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16
Q

Inflammation of a joint resulting in fixation (lack of mobility) of a joint is termed:

A

ankylosis

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16
Q

Are bone neoplasias more commonly seen in dogs or cats?

A

Dogs

Primarily observed in dogs; to a lesser extent cats. Pretty rare in other animals

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17
Q

What a cute Landrace pig. But wait, what’s that?! You notice erythematous papules and plaques and hoof malformation!

What should be on the top of your mind?

A

Dermatosis Vegetans

inherited disorder of young Landrace pigs characterized by erythematous papules and plaques and hoof malformation, or giant cell pneumonia (fatal route)

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18
Q

UV light induces formation of which carcinogen from natural sterols in un-pigmented skin?

A

cholesterol alpha oxide

UV light induces formation of a carcinogen (cholesterol alpha oxide) from natural sterols in un-pigmented skin

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19
Q

Failure of stratified squamous epithelium of skin, adnexa, and/or oral mucosa to develop completely is referred to as:

A

Epitheilogenesis Imperfecta (Aplasia cutis)

Sharply demarcated areas devoid of the epidermis or mucosa exposing the underlying dermis or submucosa

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19
Q

Melanocytic neoplasms are common in horses of what color?

A

gray horses

(it’s like it’s looking at you)

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20
Q

Epidermolysis bullosa is also known as:

A

Red Foot Disease

Hereditary mechano-bullous disorders characterized by blistering of skin and mucous membranes after minor trauma (not a developmental disease… it’s caused by some sort of trauma)

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20
Q

T/F: Rickets is a metabolic bone disease of complex etiology affecting young growing animals

A

True

It is associated with Vitamin D deficiency

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21
Q

The image shows osteomyelitis in the jaw of a cow. What is this called? What is the etiological agent?

A

Bovine Actinomycosis (“Lumpy Jaw”), caused by Actinomyces bovis

Lumpy jaw presents pyogranulomatous lesions - there is suppurative exudate (neutrophils) but in addition will see macrophages, MNGCs, and prominent fibrosis

Chronic pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis

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23
Q

Superficial pyoderma in dogs is most commonly caused by:

A

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

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23
Q

Joint lesions associated with **Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis [CAE] **are characterized by a lymphocytic hyperplastic synovitis with the formation of _____________

A

carpal hygromas

The hygromas are chronic lesions that appear as flattened cystic fluid-filled SC distensions over the cranial carpus

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24
Q

Animals affected by Osteopetrosis (metaphyseal dysplasia) often present with:

A

aplastic anemia

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25
Q

What is the most common flea associated with flea infestations in dogs and cats?

A

Ctenocephalides felis

C. felis transmits Dipylidium caninum

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25
Q

The image shows formation of a sequestrum, a sequela to osteonecrosis. Attempts to wall off a sequestrum will result in formation of a layer of granulation tissue and reactive bone known as:

A

involcrum

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26
Q

___________ is the hallmark of malignancy since benign neoplasms do not metastasize

A

Metastasis is the hallmark of malignancy since benign neoplasms do not metastasize

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27
Q

Vitamin A responsive dermatosis is most related to which breed of dog?

A

Cocker Spaniels

It is a breed-related disorder of skin proliferation and abnormal keratinization

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28
Q

Inflammation of the subcutaneous adipose tissue is known as:

A

Panniculitis

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28
Q

Inflammation of the **lymph nodes **is known as:

A

lymphadenitis

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29
Q

What is going on in this picture?

A

ichthyosis

This is a disease of excess cornification; inherited skin disorders characterized by thickening of the skin and marked scaling

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31
Q

T/F: Cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma carries a very poor prognosis

A

True

(in general, all lymphomas carry a poor prognosis)

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32
Q

What is the cause of Diamond Skin Disease in pigs?

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

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33
Q

Which skin layer is present in the epidermis of the foot (hairless skin) that is not present in the epidermis of the leg (haired skin)

A

stratum lucidum

The epidermis of the leg (haired skin) contains Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

The epidermis of the foot (hairless skin) contains Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

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34
Q

Which breed of cattle is considered most susceptible to Ectodermal dysplasia?

A

German Holstein Cattle

Condition involves the hair follicles plus adnexal glands and teeth (ectoderm origin)

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35
Q

Canine craniomandibular osteopathy (“Lion Jaw”) is most common in which breed of dog?

A

West Highland White Terriers

Usually recognized ~4-7 months of age

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37
Q

Canine cutaneous histiocytoma is from ___________ origin and is most commonly found in dogs at what age?

A

epidermal Langerhan’s cell

Most commonly found in young dogs (

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38
Q

Malignant tumors of cartilage are called:

A

Chondrosarcoma

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38
Q

You suspect rhabdomyosarcoma in a cat. In order to confirm your diagnosis, you can use immunohistochemistry to look for which intermediate filament?

A

Desmin

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39
Q

Which cells types are markedly sensitive to excess fluoride?

A

Ameloblasts and odontoblasts

The result of excess fluoride in these cells are soft dark-brown discolored teeth that wear down easily (defective enamel and dentin)

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41
Q

In the case of Pemphigus folaceous, circulating autoantibodies target an adhesion molecule that assists in binding keratinocytes together at the desmosome.

What is that adhesion molecule?

A

Desmoglein I

42
Q

T/F: Purpura hemorrhagica can be the sequela to Streptococcus equi infection

A

True

Purpura hemorrhagica (most common in horses) is characterized by red or purple macules or patches causd by hemorrhage in the skin or mucous membranes. It is a type III immune-mediated vasculitis

44
Q

Ulceration of cartilage with polished bone and sclerosis of subchondral bone is referred to as:

A

Eburnation

45
Q

Seen often in large animals in good body condition, ischemic necrosis of ventral and limb muscles following prolonged recumbency is known as:

A

Downer Syndrome

46
Q

T/F: Wobbler’s Syndrome is a generalized skeletal dysplasia most common in horses and large animals

A

False

Wobbler’s Syndrome (Cervicovertebral stenotic myelopathy) is a localized skeletal dysplasia most common in horses and large breeds

47
Q

What is considered the most important contagious ectoparasite of pigs?

A

Scabies

Sarcoptes scabiei burrow in tunnels in the stratum corneum and cause intense pruritus (hypersensitivity/irritation)

48
Q

In which type of hyperkeratosis are the squamous cell nuclei retained:

orthokeratotic or parakeratotic

A

parakeratotic hyperkeratosis

In orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, the squamous epithelial cells do not retain a nucleus

50
Q

Where are gross lesions seen with Pemphigus Vulgaris?

A

oral cavity and mucocutaneous junctions

Suprabasilar vesicles and bullae in the oral cavity and mucocutaneous junctions; corneal ulcers

52
Q

Discoid lupus in cats is localized to:

A

face and ears

53
Q

What is the most common primary bone tumor in dogs and cats?

A

Osteosarcoma

The mean age of affected dogs is 7.5 years, but dogs less than 2 years old can be affected

54
Q

Disruption of intercellular junctions (desmosomes) between keratinocytes is referred to as:

A

acantholysis

This process is initiated by damage to transmembrane glycoproteins belonging to the cadherin family (adhesion molecules)

55
Q

Nutritional Myopathy is usually the result of __________ deficiency in sheep, cattle, and swine

A

Vitamin E/Se deficiency

56
Q

**Fibrous Osteodystrophy **is the result of persistent elevations of:

A

plasma PTH levels

(hyperparathyroidism)

56
Q

A benign tumor of striated muscle is a:

A

**Rhabdomyoma **

really rare; when we do see it, it is usually in the larynx of young dogs

58
Q

The most common joint lesions in domestic animals involve what type of joint?

A

Synovial (diarthrodial) joints

The most common joint lesions in domestic animals involve synovial (diarthrodial) joints

59
Q

The line present in the image is due to increased bone density (osteosclerosis) in the metaphysis. What is the most likely cause?

A

Lead poisoning

The line present in the image is called a ‘lead line’

60
Q

T/F: With regard to osteoporosis, there is a decrease in the amount of bone present and the bone that is present is noticeably abnormal

A

False

With regard to osteoporosis, there is a decrease in the amount of bone present, but the bone that is present is normal

61
Q

The term for decrease in the amount of bone tissue is:

A

Osteopenia

63
Q

___________ is a common, painful condition of the hoof resulting in separation of the epidermal from the dermal laminae

A

laminitis

64
Q

All of the following are pre-neoplastic conditions except:

  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Hypertrophy
A

Hypertrophy

65
Q

Which species is most affected by Bowen’s-like disease?

A

Cats

Bowen’s-like disease; in-situ bowenoid carcinoma in cats has been implicated in development of multicentric squamous cell carcinoma in situ

66
Q

Intercellular edema of the epidermis is referred to as:

A

spongiosis

68
Q

T/F: In all domestic species, most tumors of bone are malignant

A

False

In dogs, most tumors of bone are malignant

In horses, cattle, and other domestic animals, benign tumors of bone are more common than malignant bone tumors

69
Q

Note the atrophy in the left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle of this horse. What was the likely cause?

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve damage

70
Q

T/F: In many cases, myocytes are able to regenerate when the patient is provided with supportive care

A

False.

Myocytes can not regenerate. Satellite cells can proliferate, but mature myocytes are terminally differentiated!!

72
Q

What is the major immune defense mechanism against tumors?

A

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphyocytes

74
Q

Syndrome in cats that consume high quantities of bovine livers (high vitamin A content) for a long period of time:

A

Hypervitaminosis A

Leading to Deforming Cervial Spondylosis

75
Q

T/F: Osteocondrosis is characterized by abnormal growth and maturation of articular cartilage

A

True

It is the most common cause of lameness in domestic animals, especially swine, horses, poultry, and large breed dogs

(osteochondrosis is pictured on the right)

76
Q

T/F: Non-epitheliotropic lymphoma (dermal lymphoma) is characterized by infiltration of T lymphocytes

A

False

Can be of T or B cell origin

77
Q

What is ringbone?

A

Degenerative disease in horses affecting the interphalangeal joints (2° DJD)

Common in horses used in rodeo events or polo

79
Q

T/F: Canine reactive histiocytosis is a neoplastic condition

A

False

It is an immune mediated proliferative round cell disorder that originates from activated interstitial-type dendritic cells

81
Q

If you have a young horse with a tumor in its mandibular symphysis, what is the most likely possibility?

A

Ossifying Fibroma

This tumor has a high incidence in young horses

82
Q

T/F: Pathology is the study of the derangement of molecules, cells, tissues and functions occurring in non-living organisms in response to injurious agents and deprivations.

A

False

Pathology is the study of the derangement of molecules, cells, tissues and functions occurring in living organisms in response to injurious agents and deprivations.

83
Q

This psychogenic dermatitis, usually present on an extremity and caused by persistent licking or chewing, is referred to as:

A

Acral lick dermatitis

Lesions are circumscribed, hairless, and ulcerated

84
Q

Autoimmune disease that targets uveal and dermal melanocytes:

A

Uveodermatologic syndrome (Vogt-Koyanagi Harada-like syndrome)

Most common in young adult arctic breeds (Akitas, Siberian Huskies, Samoyeds)

85
Q

The pathologic state characterized by weight loss and anorexia that accompanies some CHRONIC infections and neoplastic diseases is known as:

A

Cachexia

86
Q

Organism responsible for screwworm myasis?

A

*Cochliomyia hominivorax *

Screwworm myasis is a reportable disease

87
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas are locally invasive and have low metastatic potential. What are two possible exceptions that where metastasis is more common?

A

Nail bed and tonsils

88
Q

What is the most frequently diagnosed autoimmune skin disease in the dog?

A

Discoid lupus erythematous

Induced/Exacerbated by UV light (“nasal solar dermatitis”)

89
Q

What are the small bumps on the chin of this cat called? What are these indicative of?

A

This is feline acne. The lesions are comedones

Follicular hyperkeratosis

90
Q

Irregularity in the cartilage surface is referred to as:

A

Fibrillation

91
Q

X-linked dystrophinopathy is reported in dogs and cats, but most commonly in which breed of dog?

A

Golden Retrievers

Dystrophin is a protein that helps connect the cytoskeleton of muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix

92
Q

In dogs, hypercalcemia of malignancy is primarily associated with which 2 neoplasms?

A

Anal sac carcinoma and lymphosarcoma

93
Q

Osteosarcomas have relatively specific site predilection in the dog. What is the rule-of-thumb for osteosarcoma location in dogs?

A

“Close to the knee and away from the elbow”

Spreads via hematogenous route; relatively common to see metastasis in the lungs

94
Q

Porcine Stress Syndrome (aka Porcine Malignant Hyperthermia) is an inherited disorder of domestic pigs characterized by a point mutation in skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor. What is the pathogenesis?

A

Excessive Ca2+ is released from defective ryanodine receptors, leading to excessive muscle contraction. This leads to increased heat production and eventual myocyte necrosis

95
Q

T/F: Fibrin is typically associated with chronic processes

A

False!

You don’t see fibrin in chronic processes because by then it should already by phagocytosed. You will however see fibrous tissue

96
Q

What is the etiological agent for equine sarcoids?

A

Bovine papillomavirus 1 and 2

97
Q

These nasty horse balls are an example of a mixed tumor. What type?

A

Teratoma

99
Q

What common neoplasm is shown in the image?

Which breed of cattle is escpecially susceptible to this type of neoplasm?

A

Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCCa)

Hereford Cows are susceptible due to their lack of melanin (tumor is associated with exposure to UV light)

100
Q

Ergot poisoning

A

Claviceps purpurea

101
Q

What is the most common allergen associated with canine and feline dermatitis?

A

Flea saliva contents

102
Q

Localized collections of purulent exudate located within the dermis and subcutis are referred to as:

A

abscesses

Compare this to Cellulitis, a poorly defined suppurative bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutis that dissects and spreads through surrounding tissue

103
Q

A benign tumor of osteocytes is called:

A

osteoma

104
Q

“Double Muscling” involves inactivation of which regulatory gene?

A

myostatin

106
Q

Osteomyelitis due to hematogenous spread is known as:

A

Embolic Osteomyelitis

107
Q

Which bacterial agent is responsible for “Black Leg” in cattle?

A

Clostridium chauvoei

108
Q

What is the brown pigment present in this fresh intestine from a dog?

A

Lipofuscin

110
Q

What is the most common and more mild form of pemphigus?

A

Pemphigus folaceous

112
Q

Chondrodysplasia is most common in which breeds of cattle?

A

Angus, Hereford

113
Q

This hypertrophic scarring is known as ___________ in horses

A

“proud flesh”

114
Q

Papillomavirus genes promote keratinocyte cell growth by inactivating ________________

A

p53 and pRb

(tumor suppressor protein, retinoblastoma)

115
Q

There are two types of bone based on degree of maturity. What are they?

A

Woven bone (immature bone) and lamellar bone (mature bone)

116
Q

Hepatogenous photosensitization is an impaired capacity of the liver to excrete ____________

A

phylloerythrin

Occurs secondary to primary hepatocellular damage, inherited hepatic defects, or bile duct obstruction

117
Q

Excessive shedding of hair is referred to as:

A

Effluvium/defluxion

118
Q

Canine Atopic Dermatitis is most associated with which antibodies?

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is it?

A

IgE

Type I and IV

119
Q

Autoimmune subepithelial blistering dermatosis caused by autoantibodies directed antigens within the basement membrane zone is referred to as:

A

Bullous Pemphigoid

120
Q

Specific form of osteochondrosis characterized by separation of a piece (flap) of articular cartilage from the subchondral bone:

A

Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)

OCD is an important disease of horses and a common cause of lameness in young animals

121
Q

Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy or osteopathy (aka “Marie’s Disease” in humans) is most common in which species and is usually observed in individuals with a tumor in the ______

A

Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy or osteopathy (aka “Marie’s Disease” in humans) is most common in dogs and is usually observed in individuals with a tumor in the lungs (just a space occupying lesion - does NOT have to be neoplastic).

Bone changes associated with this condition can regress if space-occupying lesion is removed

122
Q

T/F: Intervertebral Disk Disease (IVDD) is only reported to occur in chondrodystrophic breeds

A

False

IVDD occurs in all breeds as part of the aging process

123
Q

Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels is known as:

A

lymphangitis

124
Q

This type of tumor is common in dogs, especially in older, intact males

A

Perianal Gland Tumor (Hepatoid gland adenoma)

125
Q

Dorsal deviation of the vertebral column is referred to as:

A

Kyphosis

“Quasimodo”

126
Q

Inflammation of the umbilical cord is referred to as:

A

**Omphalophlebitis **

Omphalophlebitis is a common source of osteomyelitis in neonates

127
Q

The most common endocrinopathy leading to skin disease in dogs is ____________

A

hypothyroidism

128
Q

The tragic expression on this dog’s face is due to a rare manifestation of canine hypothyroidism, known as _________

A

Myxedema

129
Q

T/F: Zinc deficiency is a common nutritional metabolic cutaneous disorder in swine

A

True

The same can also be true if there is a normal amount of zinc present, but other elements interfering with Zn absorption (for instance, high Ca2+)

130
Q

Which part of the image represents eburnation?

A
131
Q

T/F: Rubber jaw is caused by both primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

False

Only by secondary hyperparathyroidism

132
Q

Which cell type is failing in the case of osteopetrosis?

A

Osteoclasts

133
Q

T/F: Skeletal muscle is of mesoderm origin

A

True

134
Q

Horses can die from ingesting ruminant ration due to which ingredient?

A

Monensin

RUSVM Pathology 1 (3 decks)

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