Pathology Final Exam Material Flashcards
1
Q
Copper is a component of __________ and deficiency may result in reduced pigmentation
A
Copper is a component of tyrosinase and deficiency may result in reduced pigmentation
2
Q
What is sebaceous adenitis?
A
Inflammatory reaction that targets sebaceous glands
mostly a disease of dogs (rare in cats and horses)
3
Q
T/F: Hypercalcemia due to osteolysis by skeletal metastases is not a paraneoplastic syndrome
A
True
3
Q
What is the proposed target for autoantibody binding in the case of Pemphigus Vulgaris?
A
Desmoglein III
Proposed pathogenesis: autoantibodies bind to desmoglein III → keratinocytes release proteases → adhesion proteins lost → acantholysis → suprabasilar vesicles and bullae
3
Q
Ventral deviation of the vertebral column is referred to as:
A
Lordosis
“boobs out”
3
Q
T/F: Chondrosarcomas account for ~10% of primary bone tumors in the dog, and usually affect long bones more often than flat bones
A
False
Chondrosarcomas DO account for ~10% of primary bone tumors in the dog, but they usually affect flat bones (ribs, nasal turbinates, pelvis) more often than long bones
4
Q
Decreased pigment of the hair is referred to as:
A
Leukotrichia
5
Q
Sarcoid**s **are locally aggressive, non-metastatic fibroblastic skin tumors primarily of which species? What age?
A
Typically in young **horses, 3-6 years of age**
Caused by BPV types 1 and 2
6
Q
The superficial dermatitis that occurs on opposed skin surfaces, such as the folds on this dogs face, is referred to as:
A
Intertrigo (skin fold dermatitis)
6
Q
the fracturing of trabeculae without external deformation of cortical bone is termed:
A
Microfracture/infraction
7
Q
An increase in the number of cells in the stratum spinosum is referred to as:
A
acanthosis
acanthosis is a diffuse epidermal hyperplasia (thickening of the skin)
7
Q
T/F: Fibrosis is a sign of acute inflammation.
A
False.
Fibrin deposition may be seen in acute inflammation. Fibrosis is an indication of chronic inflammation
8
Q
Group of diseases clinically characterized by vesicles or bullae and acantholysis:
A
Pemphigus
8
Q
__________ is defined as the inability of skeletal muscle fibers to relax, resulting in spasmodic contraction
A
Myotonia
10
Q
Most common cause(s) of Hepatogenous photosensitization?
A
Lantana camara and mycotoxins (sporidesmin)
11
Q
Decreased pigment of the skin is referred to as:
A
Leukoderma
11
Q
The causative agent of exudative epidermitis of pigs is:
A
Staphylococcus hyicus
11
Q
What is the bacterial agent responsible for **Wooden Tongue **in cattle?
A
Actinobacillus ligniersii
Produces pyogranulomatous lesions in soft tissue
11
Q
T/F: A carcinoma-in-situ refers to a cancer within an epithelial surface that has penetrated the basement- membrane
A
FALSE
A carcinoma-in-situ refers to a cancer within an epithelial surface that has not penetrated the basement- membrane
12
Q
This thick, hard, hairless plaque was found on the elbow of a kennel dog. What would be your diagnosis?
A
callus
It’s a callus
12
Q
Eosinophilic plaques are common lesions of the skin of which species?
A
Cats
(usually seen on the abdomen and medial thigh)
13
Q
“Rubber Jaw,” shown in the image, is commonly seen associated with:
A
2° Renal Hyperparathyroidism
Bones (especially those of the head) become swollen and are firm rather than hard; maxilla and mandible are usually affected; the mandibles may become quite pliable (rubber jaw)
14
Q
Histamine is present in tissues, basophils, and platelets, but primarily in ____________
A
mast cells
16
Q
Dermatophilosis affects a variety of domestic animal species. What is the causative agent?
A
Dermatophilus congolensis
16
T/F: **Osteomalacia** is a disease affecting *young growing animals*
**False**
Osteomalacia is a disease of grown (adult) animals (closed growth plate) - similar pathogenesis to rickets
*Failure in the mineralization of osteoid primarily due to Vitamin D or Phosphorous deficiency*
16
Inflammation of a joint resulting in fixation (lack of mobility) of a joint is termed:
**ankylosis**
16
Are bone neoplasias more commonly seen in dogs or cats?
**Dogs**
Primarily observed in dogs; to a lesser extent cats. Pretty rare in other animals
17
What a cute Landrace pig. But wait, what's that?! You notice erythematous papules and plaques and hoof malformation!
What should be on the top of your mind?
**Dermatosis Vegetans**
inherited disorder of young Landrace pigs characterized by erythematous papules and plaques and hoof malformation, or giant cell pneumonia (fatal route)
18
UV light induces formation of *_which carcinogen_* from natural sterols in un-pigmented skin?
**cholesterol alpha oxide**
UV light induces formation of a carcinogen (**_cholesterol alpha oxide_**) from natural sterols in un-pigmented skin
19
Failure of stratified squamous epithelium of skin, adnexa, and/or oral mucosa to develop completely is referred to as:
**Epitheilogenesis Imperfecta (Aplasia cutis)**
Sharply demarcated areas devoid of the epidermis or mucosa _exposing the underlying dermis or submucosa_
19
Melanocytic neoplasms are common in horses of what color?
**gray horses**
| (it's like it's looking at you)
20
Epidermolysis bullosa is also known as:
**Red Foot Disease**
Hereditary mechano-bullous disorders characterized by blistering of skin and mucous membranes after minor trauma (not a developmental disease... it's caused by some sort of trauma)
20
T/F: Rickets is a metabolic bone disease of complex etiology affecting *young growing animals*
**True**
It is associated with Vitamin D deficiency
21
The image shows osteomyelitis in the jaw of a cow. What is this called? What is the etiological agent?
**Bovine Actinomycosis ("Lumpy Jaw")**, caused by ***Actinomyces bovis***
Lumpy jaw presents _pyogranulomatous lesions_ - there is suppurative exudate (neutrophils) but in addition will see macrophages, MNGCs, and prominent fibrosis
_Chronic pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis_
23
Superficial pyoderma in dogs is most commonly caused by:
***Staphylococcus pseudintermedius***
23
Joint lesions associated with **Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis [CAE] **are characterized by a lymphocytic hyperplastic synovitis with the formation of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**carpal hygromas**
The hygromas are chronic lesions that appear as flattened cystic fluid-filled SC distensions over the cranial carpus
24
Animals affected by **Osteopetrosis (metaphyseal dysplasia)** often present with:
**aplastic anemia**
25
What is the most common flea associated with flea infestations in dogs and cats?
***Ctenocephalides felis***
*C. felis* transmits *Dipylidium caninum*
25
The image shows formation of a **sequestrum**, a sequela to osteonecrosis. Attempts to wall off a **sequestrum** will result in formation of a layer of granulation tissue and reactive bone known as:
**involcrum**
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the hallmark of malignancy since benign neoplasms do not metastasize
**_Metastasis_** is the hallmark of malignancy since benign neoplasms do not metastasize
27
Vitamin A responsive dermatosis is most related to *which breed of dog*?
**Cocker Spaniels**
It is a breed-related disorder of skin proliferation and abnormal keratinization
28
Inflammation of the subcutaneous adipose tissue is known as:
**Panniculitis**
28
Inflammation of the **lymph nodes **is known as:
**lymphadenitis**
29
What is going on in this picture?
**ichthyosis**
This is a disease of excess cornification; inherited skin disorders characterized by thickening of the skin and marked scaling
31
T/F: Cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma carries a very poor prognosis
**True**
(in general, all lymphomas carry a poor prognosis)
32
What is the cause of **Diamond Skin Disease** in pigs?
***Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae***
33
Which skin layer is present in the epidermis of the foot (hairless skin) that is *not* present in the epidermis of the leg (haired skin)
**stratum lucidum**
The epidermis of the leg (haired skin) contains Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
The epidermis of the foot (hairless skin) contains Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
34
Which breed of cattle is considered most susceptible to **Ectodermal dysplasia**?
**German Holstein Cattle**
Condition involves the hair follicles plus adnexal glands and teeth (ectoderm origin)
35
**Canine craniomandibular osteopathy ("Lion Jaw")** is most common in *which breed of dog*?
**West Highland White Terriers**
Usually recognized ~4-7 months of age
37
**Canine cutaneous histiocytoma** is from ___________ origin and is most commonly found in dogs at what age?
**epidermal Langerhan's cell**
Most commonly found in young dogs (
38
Malignant tumors of cartilage are called:
**Chondrosarcoma**
38
You suspect **rhabdomyosarcoma** in a cat. In order to confirm your diagnosis, you can use immunohistochemistry to look for which intermediate filament?
**Desmin**
39
Which cells types are markedly sensitive to **excess fluoride**?
**Ameloblasts** and **odontoblasts**
The result of excess fluoride in these cells are soft dark-brown discolored teeth that wear down easily (defective enamel and dentin)
41
In the case of **Pemphigus folaceous**, circulating autoantibodies target an adhesion molecule that assists in binding keratinocytes together at the desmosome.
What is that adhesion molecule?
**Desmoglein I**
42
T/F: Purpura hemorrhagica can be the sequela to *Streptococcus equi* infection
**True**
Purpura hemorrhagica (most common in horses) is characterized by red or purple macules or patches causd by hemorrhage in the skin or mucous membranes. It is a **type III immune-mediated vasculitis**
44
Ulceration of cartilage with polished bone and sclerosis of subchondral bone is referred to as:
**Eburnation**
45
Seen often in large animals in good body condition, ischemic necrosis of ventral and limb muscles following prolonged recumbency is known as:
**Downer Syndrome**
46
T/F: Wobbler's Syndrome is a generalized skeletal dysplasia most common in horses and large animals
**False**
Wobbler's Syndrome (Cervicovertebral stenotic myelopathy) is a **_localized skeletal dysplasia_** most common in horses and large breeds
47
What is considered the most important contagious ectoparasite of pigs?
**Scabies**
*Sarcoptes scabiei* burrow in tunnels in the stratum corneum and cause intense pruritus (hypersensitivity/irritation)
48
In which type of hyperkeratosis are the squamous cell nuclei retained:
**orthokeratotic** or **parakeratotic**
**parakeratotic hyperkeratosis**
In orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, the squamous epithelial cells do not retain a nucleus
50
Where are gross lesions seen with **Pemphigus Vulgaris**?
**oral cavity** and **mucocutaneous junctions**
Suprabasilar vesicles and bullae in the oral cavity and mucocutaneous junctions; corneal ulcers
52
**Discoid lupus** in cats is localized to:
face and ears
53
What is the most common primary bone tumor in dogs and cats?
**Osteosarcoma**
The mean age of affected dogs is 7.5 years, *but dogs less than 2 years old can be affected*
54
Disruption of intercellular junctions (desmosomes) between keratinocytes is referred to as:
**acantholysis**
This process is initiated by damage to transmembrane glycoproteins belonging to the cadherin family (adhesion molecules)
55
**Nutritional Myopathy** is usually the result of __________ deficiency in sheep, cattle, and swine
**Vitamin E/Se deficiency**
56
**Fibrous Osteodystrophy **is the result of persistent elevations of:
**plasma PTH levels**
| (hyperparathyroidism)
56
A benign tumor of striated muscle is a:
**Rhabdomyoma **
really rare; when we *do* see it, it is usually in the _larynx of young dogs_
58
The most common joint lesions in domestic animals involve *what type of joint*?
**Synovial (diarthrodial) joints**
The most common joint lesions in domestic animals involve synovial (diarthrodial) joints
59
The line present in the image is due to increased bone density (osteosclerosis) in the metaphysis. What is the most likely cause?
**Lead poisoning**
The line present in the image is called a 'lead line'
60
T/F: With regard to **osteoporosis**, there is a decrease in the amount of bone present and the bone that is present is noticeably abnormal
**False**
With regard to osteoporosis, there is a decrease in the amount of bone present, **_but the bone that is present is normal_**
61
The term for **decrease in the amount of bone tissue** is:
**Osteopenia**
63
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a common, painful condition of the hoof resulting in separation of the epidermal from the dermal laminae
**laminitis**
64
All of the following are pre-neoplastic conditions except:
* Hyperplasia
* Metaplasia
* Dysplasia
* Hypertrophy
**Hypertrophy**
65
Which species is most affected by **Bowen's-like disease**?
**Cats**
Bowen's-like disease; in-situ bowenoid carcinoma in cats has been implicated in development of multicentric squamous cell carcinoma in situ
66
Intercellular edema of the epidermis is referred to as:
**spongiosis**
68
T/F: In all domestic species, most tumors of bone are malignant
**False**
In **dogs**, most tumors of bone are malignant
In **horses, cattle, and other domestic animals,** _benign tumors of bone are more common than malignant bone tumors_
69
Note the atrophy in the left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle of this horse. What was the likely cause?
**Left recurrent laryngeal nerve** **damage**
70
T/F: In many cases, myocytes are able to regenerate when the patient is provided with supportive care
**False.**
Myocytes can **not** regenerate. Satellite cells can proliferate, but _mature myocytes are terminally differentiated_!!
72
What is the major immune defense mechanism against tumors?
**CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphyocytes**
74
Syndrome in cats that consume high quantities of bovine livers (high vitamin A content) for a long period of time:
**Hypervitaminosis A**
Leading to *Deforming Cervial Spondylosis*
75
T/F: Osteocondrosis is characterized by abnormal growth and maturation of articular cartilage
**True**
*It is the most common cause of lameness in domestic animals, especially swine, horses, poultry, and large breed dogs*
(osteochondrosis is pictured on the right)
76
T/F: Non-epitheliotropic lymphoma (dermal lymphoma) is characterized by infiltration of T lymphocytes
**False**
Can be of T *or* B cell origin
77
What is **ringbone**?
Degenerative disease in horses affecting the interphalangeal joints (2° DJD)
## Footnote
*Common in horses used in rodeo events or polo*
79
T/F: Canine reactive histiocytosis is a neoplastic condition
**False**
It is an immune mediated proliferative round cell disorder that originates from activated interstitial-type dendritic cells
81
If you have a young horse with a tumor in its mandibular symphysis, what is the most likely possibility?
**Ossifying Fibroma**
This tumor has a high incidence in young horses
82
T/F: Pathology is the study of the derangement of molecules, cells, tissues and functions occurring in non-living organisms in response to injurious agents and deprivations.
**False**
Pathology is the study of the derangement of molecules, cells, tissues and functions occurring in **_living_** organisms in response to injurious agents and deprivations.
83
This psychogenic dermatitis, usually present on an extremity and caused by persistent licking or chewing, is referred to as:
**Acral lick dermatitis**
Lesions are circumscribed, hairless, and ulcerated
84
Autoimmune disease that targets uveal and dermal melanocytes:
**Uveodermatologic syndrome** (Vogt-Koyanagi Harada-like syndrome)
Most common in young adult arctic breeds (Akitas, Siberian Huskies, Samoyeds)
85
The pathologic state characterized by weight loss and anorexia that accompanies some CHRONIC infections and neoplastic diseases is known as:
**Cachexia**
86
Organism responsible for screwworm myasis?
*Cochliomyia hominivorax *
Screwworm myasis is a **reportable disease**
87
Squamous cell carcinomas are locally invasive and have low metastatic potential. What are two possible exceptions that where metastasis is more common?
**Nail bed** and **tonsils**
88
What is the most frequently diagnosed autoimmune skin disease in the dog?
**Discoid lupus erythematous**
Induced/Exacerbated by UV light ("nasal solar dermatitis")
89
What are the small bumps on the chin of this cat called? What are these indicative of?
This is feline acne. The lesions are **c****omedones**
## Footnote
**Follicular hyperkeratosis**
90
Irregularity in the cartilage surface is referred to as:
**Fibrillation**
91
X-linked dystrophinopathy is reported in dogs and cats, but most commonly in *which breed of dog*?
**Golden Retrievers**
Dystrophin is a protein that helps connect the cytoskeleton of muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix
92
In dogs, hypercalcemia of malignancy is primarily associated with which 2 neoplasms?
**Anal sac carcinoma **and** lymphosarcoma**
93
**Osteosarcomas** have relatively specific site predilection in the dog. What is the rule-of-thumb for osteosarcoma location in dogs?
**"Close to the knee and away from the elbow"**
*Spreads via hematogenous route*; relatively common to see metastasis in the lungs
94
**Porcine Stress Syndrome (aka Porcine Malignant Hyperthermia)** is an inherited disorder of domestic pigs characterized by a point mutation in skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor. What is the pathogenesis?
Excessive Ca2+ is released from defective ryanodine receptors, leading to excessive muscle contraction. This leads to increased heat production and eventual myocyte necrosis
95
T/F: **Fibrin** is typically associated with chronic processes
False!
You don't see fibrin in chronic processes because by then it should already by phagocytosed. You *will* however see **fibrous tissue**
96
What is the etiological agent for equine sarcoids?
**Bovine papillomavirus 1 and 2**
97
These nasty horse balls are an example of a mixed tumor. What type?
**Teratoma**
99
What common neoplasm is shown in the image?
Which breed of cattle is escpecially susceptible to this type of neoplasm?
Ocular **Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCCa)**
**Hereford Cows** are susceptible due to their lack of melanin (tumor is associated with exposure to UV light)
100
Ergot poisoning
*Claviceps purpurea*
101
What is the most common allergen associated with canine and feline dermatitis?
Flea saliva contents
102
Localized collections of purulent exudate located within the dermis and subcutis are referred to as:
**abscesses**
Compare this to **Cellulitis**, a poorly defined suppurative bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutis that dissects and *spreads through surrounding tissue*
103
A benign tumor of osteocytes is called:
**osteoma**
104
"Double Muscling" involves inactivation of which regulatory gene?
**myostatin**
106
**Osteomyelitis** due to *hematogenous spread* is known as:
**Embolic Osteomyelitis**
107
Which bacterial agent is responsible for "Black Leg" in cattle?
***Clostridium chauvoei***
108
What is the brown pigment present in this fresh intestine from a dog?
Lipofuscin
110
What is the most common and more mild form of pemphigus?
**Pemphigus folaceous**
112
**Chondrodysplasia** is most common in which breeds of cattle?
**Angus, Hereford**
113
This hypertrophic scarring is known as ___________ in horses
"proud flesh"
114
Papillomavirus genes promote keratinocyte cell growth by inactivating \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**p53** and **pRb**
(tumor suppressor protein, retinoblastoma)
115
There are two types of bone based on degree of maturity. What are they?
**Woven bone (immature bone)** and **lamellar bone (mature bone)**
116
**Hepatogenous photosensitization** is an impaired capacity of the liver to excrete \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**phylloerythrin**
Occurs secondary to primary hepatocellular damage, inherited hepatic defects, or bile duct obstruction
117
Excessive shedding of hair is referred to as:
Effluvium/defluxion
118
Canine Atopic Dermatitis is most associated with which antibodies?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is it?
**IgE**
**Type I and IV**
119
Autoimmune subepithelial blistering dermatosis caused by autoantibodies directed antigens within the basement membrane zone is referred to as:
**Bullous Pemphigoid**
120
Specific form of osteochondrosis characterized by separation of a piece (flap) of articular cartilage from the subchondral bone:
**Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)**
*OCD* *is an important disease of horses and a common cause of lameness in young animals*
121
**Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy or osteopathy** (aka "Marie's Disease" in humans) is most common in *_which species_* and is usually observed in individuals with a tumor in the \_\_\_\_\_\_
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy or osteopathy (aka "Marie's Disease" in humans) is **_most common in dogs_** and is usually observed in individuals with a tumor in the **_lungs_** (just a space occupying lesion - does NOT have to be neoplastic).
## Footnote
*Bone changes associated with this condition can regress if space-occupying lesion is removed*
122
T/F: **Intervertebral Disk Disease (IVDD)** is only reported to occur in chondrodystrophic breeds
**False**
IVDD occurs in **_all_** breeds as part of the aging process
123
Inflammation of the **lymphatic vessels** is known as:
**lymphangitis**
124
This type of tumor is common in dogs, especially in older, intact males
**Perianal Gland Tumor (Hepatoid gland adenoma)**
125
Dorsal deviation of the vertebral column is referred to as:
**Kyphosis**
"Quasimodo"
126
Inflammation of the umbilical cord is referred to as:
**Omphalophlebitis **
Omphalophlebitis is a common source of osteomyelitis in neonates
127
The most common endocrinopathy leading to skin disease in dogs is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**hypothyroidism**
128
The tragic expression on this dog's face is due to a rare manifestation of canine **_hypo_**thyroidism, known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Myxedema**
129
T/F: Zinc deficiency is a common nutritional metabolic cutaneous disorder in swine
**True**
The same can also be true if there is a normal amount of zinc present, but other elements interfering with Zn absorption (for instance, high Ca2+)
130
Which part of the image represents eburnation?
131
T/F: Rubber jaw is caused by both primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism
**False**
Only by secondary hyperparathyroidism
132
Which cell type is failing in the case of osteopetrosis?
**Osteoclasts**
133
T/F: Skeletal muscle is of mesoderm origin
**True**
134
Horses can die from ingesting ruminant ration due to which ingredient?
**Monensin**
