Pathology Final Exam Material Flashcards
Copper is a component of __________ and deficiency may result in reduced pigmentation
Copper is a component of tyrosinase and deficiency may result in reduced pigmentation
What is sebaceous adenitis?
Inflammatory reaction that targets sebaceous glands
mostly a disease of dogs (rare in cats and horses)
T/F: Hypercalcemia due to osteolysis by skeletal metastases is not a paraneoplastic syndrome
True
What is the proposed target for autoantibody binding in the case of Pemphigus Vulgaris?
Desmoglein III
Proposed pathogenesis: autoantibodies bind to desmoglein III → keratinocytes release proteases → adhesion proteins lost → acantholysis → suprabasilar vesicles and bullae
Ventral deviation of the vertebral column is referred to as:
Lordosis
“boobs out”
T/F: Chondrosarcomas account for ~10% of primary bone tumors in the dog, and usually affect long bones more often than flat bones
False
Chondrosarcomas DO account for ~10% of primary bone tumors in the dog, but they usually affect flat bones (ribs, nasal turbinates, pelvis) more often than long bones
Decreased pigment of the hair is referred to as:
Leukotrichia
Sarcoid**s **are locally aggressive, non-metastatic fibroblastic skin tumors primarily of which species? What age?
Typically in young **horses, 3-6 years of age**
Caused by BPV types 1 and 2
The superficial dermatitis that occurs on opposed skin surfaces, such as the folds on this dogs face, is referred to as:
Intertrigo (skin fold dermatitis)
the fracturing of trabeculae without external deformation of cortical bone is termed:
Microfracture/infraction
An increase in the number of cells in the stratum spinosum is referred to as:
acanthosis
acanthosis is a diffuse epidermal hyperplasia (thickening of the skin)
T/F: Fibrosis is a sign of acute inflammation.
False.
Fibrin deposition may be seen in acute inflammation. Fibrosis is an indication of chronic inflammation
Group of diseases clinically characterized by vesicles or bullae and acantholysis:
Pemphigus
__________ is defined as the inability of skeletal muscle fibers to relax, resulting in spasmodic contraction
Myotonia
Most common cause(s) of Hepatogenous photosensitization?
Lantana camara and mycotoxins (sporidesmin)
Decreased pigment of the skin is referred to as:
Leukoderma
The causative agent of exudative epidermitis of pigs is:
Staphylococcus hyicus
What is the bacterial agent responsible for **Wooden Tongue **in cattle?
Actinobacillus ligniersii
Produces pyogranulomatous lesions in soft tissue
T/F: A carcinoma-in-situ refers to a cancer within an epithelial surface that has penetrated the basement- membrane
FALSE
A carcinoma-in-situ refers to a cancer within an epithelial surface that has not penetrated the basement- membrane
This thick, hard, hairless plaque was found on the elbow of a kennel dog. What would be your diagnosis?
callus
It’s a callus
Eosinophilic plaques are common lesions of the skin of which species?
Cats
(usually seen on the abdomen and medial thigh)
“Rubber Jaw,” shown in the image, is commonly seen associated with:
2° Renal Hyperparathyroidism
Bones (especially those of the head) become swollen and are firm rather than hard; maxilla and mandible are usually affected; the mandibles may become quite pliable (rubber jaw)
Histamine is present in tissues, basophils, and platelets, but primarily in ____________
mast cells
Dermatophilosis affects a variety of domestic animal species. What is the causative agent?
Dermatophilus congolensis
T/F: Osteomalacia is a disease affecting young growing animals
False
Osteomalacia is a disease of grown (adult) animals (closed growth plate) - similar pathogenesis to rickets
Failure in the mineralization of osteoid primarily due to Vitamin D or Phosphorous deficiency
Inflammation of a joint resulting in fixation (lack of mobility) of a joint is termed:
ankylosis
Are bone neoplasias more commonly seen in dogs or cats?
Dogs
Primarily observed in dogs; to a lesser extent cats. Pretty rare in other animals
What a cute Landrace pig. But wait, what’s that?! You notice erythematous papules and plaques and hoof malformation!
What should be on the top of your mind?
Dermatosis Vegetans
inherited disorder of young Landrace pigs characterized by erythematous papules and plaques and hoof malformation, or giant cell pneumonia (fatal route)
UV light induces formation of which carcinogen from natural sterols in un-pigmented skin?
cholesterol alpha oxide
UV light induces formation of a carcinogen (cholesterol alpha oxide) from natural sterols in un-pigmented skin
Failure of stratified squamous epithelium of skin, adnexa, and/or oral mucosa to develop completely is referred to as:
Epitheilogenesis Imperfecta (Aplasia cutis)
Sharply demarcated areas devoid of the epidermis or mucosa exposing the underlying dermis or submucosa
Melanocytic neoplasms are common in horses of what color?
gray horses
(it’s like it’s looking at you)
Epidermolysis bullosa is also known as:
Red Foot Disease
Hereditary mechano-bullous disorders characterized by blistering of skin and mucous membranes after minor trauma (not a developmental disease… it’s caused by some sort of trauma)
T/F: Rickets is a metabolic bone disease of complex etiology affecting young growing animals
True
It is associated with Vitamin D deficiency
The image shows osteomyelitis in the jaw of a cow. What is this called? What is the etiological agent?
Bovine Actinomycosis (“Lumpy Jaw”), caused by Actinomyces bovis
Lumpy jaw presents pyogranulomatous lesions - there is suppurative exudate (neutrophils) but in addition will see macrophages, MNGCs, and prominent fibrosis
Chronic pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis
Superficial pyoderma in dogs is most commonly caused by:
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
Joint lesions associated with **Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis [CAE] **are characterized by a lymphocytic hyperplastic synovitis with the formation of _____________
carpal hygromas
The hygromas are chronic lesions that appear as flattened cystic fluid-filled SC distensions over the cranial carpus
Animals affected by Osteopetrosis (metaphyseal dysplasia) often present with:
aplastic anemia
What is the most common flea associated with flea infestations in dogs and cats?
Ctenocephalides felis
C. felis transmits Dipylidium caninum
The image shows formation of a sequestrum, a sequela to osteonecrosis. Attempts to wall off a sequestrum will result in formation of a layer of granulation tissue and reactive bone known as:
involcrum
___________ is the hallmark of malignancy since benign neoplasms do not metastasize
Metastasis is the hallmark of malignancy since benign neoplasms do not metastasize
Vitamin A responsive dermatosis is most related to which breed of dog?
Cocker Spaniels
It is a breed-related disorder of skin proliferation and abnormal keratinization
Inflammation of the subcutaneous adipose tissue is known as:
Panniculitis
Inflammation of the **lymph nodes **is known as:
lymphadenitis
What is going on in this picture?
ichthyosis
This is a disease of excess cornification; inherited skin disorders characterized by thickening of the skin and marked scaling
T/F: Cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma carries a very poor prognosis
True
(in general, all lymphomas carry a poor prognosis)
What is the cause of Diamond Skin Disease in pigs?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Which skin layer is present in the epidermis of the foot (hairless skin) that is not present in the epidermis of the leg (haired skin)
stratum lucidum
The epidermis of the leg (haired skin) contains Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
The epidermis of the foot (hairless skin) contains Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
Which breed of cattle is considered most susceptible to Ectodermal dysplasia?
German Holstein Cattle
Condition involves the hair follicles plus adnexal glands and teeth (ectoderm origin)
Canine craniomandibular osteopathy (“Lion Jaw”) is most common in which breed of dog?
West Highland White Terriers
Usually recognized ~4-7 months of age
Canine cutaneous histiocytoma is from ___________ origin and is most commonly found in dogs at what age?
epidermal Langerhan’s cell
Most commonly found in young dogs (
Malignant tumors of cartilage are called:
Chondrosarcoma
You suspect rhabdomyosarcoma in a cat. In order to confirm your diagnosis, you can use immunohistochemistry to look for which intermediate filament?
Desmin
Which cells types are markedly sensitive to excess fluoride?
Ameloblasts and odontoblasts
The result of excess fluoride in these cells are soft dark-brown discolored teeth that wear down easily (defective enamel and dentin)
In the case of Pemphigus folaceous, circulating autoantibodies target an adhesion molecule that assists in binding keratinocytes together at the desmosome.
What is that adhesion molecule?
Desmoglein I
T/F: Purpura hemorrhagica can be the sequela to Streptococcus equi infection
True
Purpura hemorrhagica (most common in horses) is characterized by red or purple macules or patches causd by hemorrhage in the skin or mucous membranes. It is a type III immune-mediated vasculitis
Ulceration of cartilage with polished bone and sclerosis of subchondral bone is referred to as:
Eburnation
Seen often in large animals in good body condition, ischemic necrosis of ventral and limb muscles following prolonged recumbency is known as:
Downer Syndrome
T/F: Wobbler’s Syndrome is a generalized skeletal dysplasia most common in horses and large animals
False
Wobbler’s Syndrome (Cervicovertebral stenotic myelopathy) is a localized skeletal dysplasia most common in horses and large breeds
What is considered the most important contagious ectoparasite of pigs?
Scabies
Sarcoptes scabiei burrow in tunnels in the stratum corneum and cause intense pruritus (hypersensitivity/irritation)
In which type of hyperkeratosis are the squamous cell nuclei retained:
orthokeratotic or parakeratotic
parakeratotic hyperkeratosis
In orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, the squamous epithelial cells do not retain a nucleus
Where are gross lesions seen with Pemphigus Vulgaris?
oral cavity and mucocutaneous junctions
Suprabasilar vesicles and bullae in the oral cavity and mucocutaneous junctions; corneal ulcers
Discoid lupus in cats is localized to:
face and ears
What is the most common primary bone tumor in dogs and cats?
Osteosarcoma
The mean age of affected dogs is 7.5 years, but dogs less than 2 years old can be affected
Disruption of intercellular junctions (desmosomes) between keratinocytes is referred to as:
acantholysis
This process is initiated by damage to transmembrane glycoproteins belonging to the cadherin family (adhesion molecules)
Nutritional Myopathy is usually the result of __________ deficiency in sheep, cattle, and swine
Vitamin E/Se deficiency
**Fibrous Osteodystrophy **is the result of persistent elevations of:
plasma PTH levels
(hyperparathyroidism)
A benign tumor of striated muscle is a:
**Rhabdomyoma **
really rare; when we do see it, it is usually in the larynx of young dogs
The most common joint lesions in domestic animals involve what type of joint?
Synovial (diarthrodial) joints
The most common joint lesions in domestic animals involve synovial (diarthrodial) joints
The line present in the image is due to increased bone density (osteosclerosis) in the metaphysis. What is the most likely cause?
Lead poisoning
The line present in the image is called a ‘lead line’
T/F: With regard to osteoporosis, there is a decrease in the amount of bone present and the bone that is present is noticeably abnormal
False
With regard to osteoporosis, there is a decrease in the amount of bone present, but the bone that is present is normal
The term for decrease in the amount of bone tissue is:
Osteopenia
___________ is a common, painful condition of the hoof resulting in separation of the epidermal from the dermal laminae
laminitis
All of the following are pre-neoplastic conditions except:
- Hyperplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy
Which species is most affected by Bowen’s-like disease?
Cats
Bowen’s-like disease; in-situ bowenoid carcinoma in cats has been implicated in development of multicentric squamous cell carcinoma in situ
Intercellular edema of the epidermis is referred to as:
spongiosis
T/F: In all domestic species, most tumors of bone are malignant
False
In dogs, most tumors of bone are malignant
In horses, cattle, and other domestic animals, benign tumors of bone are more common than malignant bone tumors
Note the atrophy in the left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle of this horse. What was the likely cause?
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve damage
T/F: In many cases, myocytes are able to regenerate when the patient is provided with supportive care
False.
Myocytes can not regenerate. Satellite cells can proliferate, but mature myocytes are terminally differentiated!!
What is the major immune defense mechanism against tumors?
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphyocytes
Syndrome in cats that consume high quantities of bovine livers (high vitamin A content) for a long period of time:
Hypervitaminosis A
Leading to Deforming Cervial Spondylosis
T/F: Osteocondrosis is characterized by abnormal growth and maturation of articular cartilage
True
It is the most common cause of lameness in domestic animals, especially swine, horses, poultry, and large breed dogs
(osteochondrosis is pictured on the right)
T/F: Non-epitheliotropic lymphoma (dermal lymphoma) is characterized by infiltration of T lymphocytes
False
Can be of T or B cell origin
What is ringbone?
Degenerative disease in horses affecting the interphalangeal joints (2° DJD)
Common in horses used in rodeo events or polo
T/F: Canine reactive histiocytosis is a neoplastic condition
False
It is an immune mediated proliferative round cell disorder that originates from activated interstitial-type dendritic cells
If you have a young horse with a tumor in its mandibular symphysis, what is the most likely possibility?
Ossifying Fibroma
This tumor has a high incidence in young horses
T/F: Pathology is the study of the derangement of molecules, cells, tissues and functions occurring in non-living organisms in response to injurious agents and deprivations.
False
Pathology is the study of the derangement of molecules, cells, tissues and functions occurring in living organisms in response to injurious agents and deprivations.
This psychogenic dermatitis, usually present on an extremity and caused by persistent licking or chewing, is referred to as:
Acral lick dermatitis
Lesions are circumscribed, hairless, and ulcerated
Autoimmune disease that targets uveal and dermal melanocytes:
Uveodermatologic syndrome (Vogt-Koyanagi Harada-like syndrome)
Most common in young adult arctic breeds (Akitas, Siberian Huskies, Samoyeds)
The pathologic state characterized by weight loss and anorexia that accompanies some CHRONIC infections and neoplastic diseases is known as:
Cachexia
Organism responsible for screwworm myasis?
*Cochliomyia hominivorax *
Screwworm myasis is a reportable disease
Squamous cell carcinomas are locally invasive and have low metastatic potential. What are two possible exceptions that where metastasis is more common?
Nail bed and tonsils
What is the most frequently diagnosed autoimmune skin disease in the dog?
Discoid lupus erythematous
Induced/Exacerbated by UV light (“nasal solar dermatitis”)
What are the small bumps on the chin of this cat called? What are these indicative of?
This is feline acne. The lesions are comedones
Follicular hyperkeratosis
Irregularity in the cartilage surface is referred to as:
Fibrillation
X-linked dystrophinopathy is reported in dogs and cats, but most commonly in which breed of dog?
Golden Retrievers
Dystrophin is a protein that helps connect the cytoskeleton of muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix
In dogs, hypercalcemia of malignancy is primarily associated with which 2 neoplasms?
Anal sac carcinoma and lymphosarcoma
Osteosarcomas have relatively specific site predilection in the dog. What is the rule-of-thumb for osteosarcoma location in dogs?
“Close to the knee and away from the elbow”
Spreads via hematogenous route; relatively common to see metastasis in the lungs
Porcine Stress Syndrome (aka Porcine Malignant Hyperthermia) is an inherited disorder of domestic pigs characterized by a point mutation in skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor. What is the pathogenesis?
Excessive Ca2+ is released from defective ryanodine receptors, leading to excessive muscle contraction. This leads to increased heat production and eventual myocyte necrosis
T/F: Fibrin is typically associated with chronic processes
False!
You don’t see fibrin in chronic processes because by then it should already by phagocytosed. You will however see fibrous tissue
What is the etiological agent for equine sarcoids?
Bovine papillomavirus 1 and 2
These nasty horse balls are an example of a mixed tumor. What type?
Teratoma
What common neoplasm is shown in the image?
Which breed of cattle is escpecially susceptible to this type of neoplasm?
Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCCa)
Hereford Cows are susceptible due to their lack of melanin (tumor is associated with exposure to UV light)
Ergot poisoning
Claviceps purpurea
What is the most common allergen associated with canine and feline dermatitis?
Flea saliva contents
Localized collections of purulent exudate located within the dermis and subcutis are referred to as:
abscesses
Compare this to Cellulitis, a poorly defined suppurative bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutis that dissects and spreads through surrounding tissue
A benign tumor of osteocytes is called:
osteoma
“Double Muscling” involves inactivation of which regulatory gene?
myostatin
Osteomyelitis due to hematogenous spread is known as:
Embolic Osteomyelitis
Which bacterial agent is responsible for “Black Leg” in cattle?
Clostridium chauvoei
What is the brown pigment present in this fresh intestine from a dog?
Lipofuscin
What is the most common and more mild form of pemphigus?
Pemphigus folaceous
Chondrodysplasia is most common in which breeds of cattle?
Angus, Hereford
This hypertrophic scarring is known as ___________ in horses
“proud flesh”
Papillomavirus genes promote keratinocyte cell growth by inactivating ________________
p53 and pRb
(tumor suppressor protein, retinoblastoma)
There are two types of bone based on degree of maturity. What are they?
Woven bone (immature bone) and lamellar bone (mature bone)
Hepatogenous photosensitization is an impaired capacity of the liver to excrete ____________
phylloerythrin
Occurs secondary to primary hepatocellular damage, inherited hepatic defects, or bile duct obstruction
Excessive shedding of hair is referred to as:
Effluvium/defluxion
Canine Atopic Dermatitis is most associated with which antibodies?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is it?
IgE
Type I and IV
Autoimmune subepithelial blistering dermatosis caused by autoantibodies directed antigens within the basement membrane zone is referred to as:
Bullous Pemphigoid
Specific form of osteochondrosis characterized by separation of a piece (flap) of articular cartilage from the subchondral bone:
Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)
OCD is an important disease of horses and a common cause of lameness in young animals
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy or osteopathy (aka “Marie’s Disease” in humans) is most common in which species and is usually observed in individuals with a tumor in the ______
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy or osteopathy (aka “Marie’s Disease” in humans) is most common in dogs and is usually observed in individuals with a tumor in the lungs (just a space occupying lesion - does NOT have to be neoplastic).
Bone changes associated with this condition can regress if space-occupying lesion is removed
T/F: Intervertebral Disk Disease (IVDD) is only reported to occur in chondrodystrophic breeds
False
IVDD occurs in all breeds as part of the aging process
Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels is known as:
lymphangitis
This type of tumor is common in dogs, especially in older, intact males
Perianal Gland Tumor (Hepatoid gland adenoma)
Dorsal deviation of the vertebral column is referred to as:
Kyphosis
“Quasimodo”
Inflammation of the umbilical cord is referred to as:
**Omphalophlebitis **
Omphalophlebitis is a common source of osteomyelitis in neonates
The most common endocrinopathy leading to skin disease in dogs is ____________
hypothyroidism
The tragic expression on this dog’s face is due to a rare manifestation of canine hypothyroidism, known as _________
Myxedema
T/F: Zinc deficiency is a common nutritional metabolic cutaneous disorder in swine
True
The same can also be true if there is a normal amount of zinc present, but other elements interfering with Zn absorption (for instance, high Ca2+)
Which part of the image represents eburnation?
T/F: Rubber jaw is caused by both primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism
False
Only by secondary hyperparathyroidism
Which cell type is failing in the case of osteopetrosis?
Osteoclasts
T/F: Skeletal muscle is of mesoderm origin
True
Horses can die from ingesting ruminant ration due to which ingredient?
Monensin
