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RUSVM Pathology 1 > Pathology Exam 1 Material > Flashcards

Pathology Exam 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: you will always see bile imbibition in a necropsy

A

False. It takes a while to occur, so you won’t always see it

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2
Q

Is tympany a pre-mortem or post-mortem change?

A

Tympany is a pre-mortem change.

It can be differentiated from bloat by looking for esophageal blanching

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3
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is common in which breed of cat?

A

Maine coon

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4
Q

An increase in the number of cells of an organ is called:

A

hyperplasia

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5
Q

A change in the **phenotype **in a differentiated cell is called:

A

Metaplasia

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6
Q

Metaplasia is most commonly seen in which type of cells?

A

Epithelial cells

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7
Q

Malignant tumor of epithelial cell origin: ____________

A

Carcinoma

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8
Q

A decreased # of RBCs in blood, blood volume, or Hb deficiency is called:

A

anemia

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9
Q

**Cyanide toxicosis **can occur when a cow eats plants with _________ acid

A

Cyanide toxicosis can occur when a cow eats plants with prussic acid.

Cow eats plants with prussic acid –> microbes produce free cyanide –> free cyanide is absorbed and reacts with Fe3+ (ferric iron) in cytochrome oxidase –> cellular respiration

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10
Q

Impaired blood flow to tissues is also called:

A

Ischemia

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11
Q

Copper storage disease is a genetic deletion of Murr 1 gene in what breed of dog?

A

Bedlington Terriers

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12
Q

Lack of tyronsinase causes ___________

A

albinism

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13
Q

True or False: You can use PAS as a stain for lipofuscin

A

True.

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14
Q

___________ is also known as the “wear and tear pigment”

A

lipofuscin

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15
Q

What does it mean for a disease to be multifactorial?

A

It has more than one cause

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16
Q

A list of diseases that could account for the evidence or lesions of the case is known as:

A

differential diagnosis

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17
Q

Negri bodies in nerves are pathognomonic for ________

A

rabies

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18
Q

Is liver mortis a pre- or post-mortem change? What about hypostatic congestion?

A

Post-mortem change!

(Livor mortis & hypostatic congestion are the same thing)

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19
Q

If there is a clot that is completely unattached to the vessel walls, is it a pre- or post-mortem clot?

A

post-mortem clot

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20
Q

Which will bloat more quickly: herbivores or carnivores?

A

herbivores.

Bloating results from post-mortem bacterial gas formation in the lumen of the GI tract. Herbivores have a higher presence of GI tract microbes

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21
Q

increased size of cells and their functions is called:

A

hypertrophy

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22
Q

Will we see hyperplasia in the heart? Why?

A

No.

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells of an organ. Cardiomyocytes do not have the capacity to divide!!

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23
Q

Only tissue lined by ________ can undergo hyperplasia

A

epithelium

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24
Q

inadequate oxygenation of tissues is called:

A

hypoxia

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25
Q

__________ refers to the accumulation of triglycerides and other lipid metabolites (neutral fats and cholesterol) within the cytosol of parenchymal cells

A

lipidosis

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26
Q

Which stain(s) is/are used to confirm lipidosis?

A

Oil Red O; Sudan IV

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27
Q

Coagulative necrosis is commonly caused by _________ in all solid organs except the brain

A

ischemia

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28
Q

a localized area of coagulative necrosis is called:

A

an infarct

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29
Q

Which cattle breeds are most susceptible to necrosis of abdominal fat?

A

Jersey & Guernsey

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30
Q

Morphological diagnosis?

A

Multifocal, acute renal necrosis and hemorrhage

or

Multifocal, acute necrohemorrhagic nephritis

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31
Q

If something is characteristic or indicative of a specific disease, it is ____________________.

A

pathognomonic

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32
Q

self-digestion or degradation of cells and tissues by the hydrolytic enzymes normally present in tissue: ___________

A

autolysis

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33
Q

The process by which post-mortem bacteria break down tissues is called:

A

putrefaction/decomposition

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34
Q

__________ refers to the contraction of the muscles after death

A

rigor mortis

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35
Q

What is this an example of?

A

Hypostatic congestion (livor mortis)

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36
Q

Red staining of tissue, especially in the heart, arteries, & veins is called:

A

hemoglobin imbibition

Hg is released by lysed RBCs and penetrates the vessel wall and extends into the adjacent tissues

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37
Q

When bile in the gallbladder starts to penetrate the wall and stains the adjacent tissue, this is called:

A

bile imbibition

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38
Q

A decrease in size and/or number of cells and metabolic activity is known as:

A

atrophy

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39
Q

Complete the MDx:

  1. Focal
  2. Multifocal
  3. Diffuse
  4. Generalized
  5. Miliary
A

B. Multifocal

notice the multiple areas of the affected white matter

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40
Q

Complete the MDx:

  1. Leukocytosis
  2. Encephalomalacia
  3. Hemorrhage
  4. Caseous necrosis
  5. Atrophy
A
  1. Enchephalomalacia

Notice the depressed areas in the tissue indicating there is “missing” tissue, which indicates necrosis. Remember, necrosis may present concurrently with hemorrhage

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41
Q

If the necrosis is only in the white matter, which term should be used?

  1. Leukosis
  2. Leukoencephalomalacia
  3. Polioencephalomalacia
  4. Malacia
  5. Polioleukoencephalomalacia
A

Leukoencephalomalacia

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42
Q

Describe the distribution in these lymph nodes from a sheep:

  1. Focal
  2. Multifocal
  3. Multifocal to coalescing
  4. Diffuse
  5. Locally extensive
A

Multifocal to coalescing

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43
Q

What pattern of necrosis is represented on these sites?

  1. Coagulative
  2. Caseous
  3. Gangrenous
  4. Fatty
A

Caseous

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44
Q

Select the MDx in this tissue from a horse

  1. Steroidal nephritis
  2. Drug induced nephritis
  3. Locally extensive, acute medullary necrosis
  4. Caseous nephritis
  5. Malacic nephritis
A

Locally extensive, acute medullary necrosis

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45
Q

Select the EDx for this tissue from a horse

  1. Locally extensive, acute medullary necrosis
  2. Ischemia
  3. Drug induced nephritis
  4. Caseous nephritis
  5. Malacic nephritis
A

Drug induced nephritis

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46
Q

What pattern of necrosis is in this affected area?

  1. Coagulative
  2. Caseous
  3. Gangrenous
  4. Fatty
A

Coagulative

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47
Q

Fluid in the thoracic cavity is known as:

A

hydrothorax

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48
Q

Non-inflammatory fluid within the pericardial sac is called:

A

hydropericardium

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49
Q

Fluid (transudate) within the peritoneal cavity is called:

A

Ascites or hydroperitoneum

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50
Q

Generalized edema with profuse accumulation of fluid within the subcutaneous tissue is known as:

A

Anasarca

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51
Q

This type of edema is commonly associated with severe GI parasitism and hypoproteinemia in sheep

A

Submandibular edema (bottle jaw)

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52
Q

Hypoxic degeneration will cause what type of necrosis?

A

coagulative

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53
Q

When is the only time ischemia would NOT be coagulative necrosis?

A

Brain/Fat

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54
Q

What will you not see with apoptosis that you will see with necrosis?

A

inflammation

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55
Q

True or false: Pseudomelanosis is a pigment formed from the combining of Fe w/ S during life in the intestine of an animal

A

False.

(formed after death)

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56
Q

True or false:
Jaundice causes increased bilirubin in the blood stream.

A

False.

(other way around)

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57
Q

You performed necropsy on an old cow and observed many nodules in the lungs. When you cut through these nodules you hear a gritty sound. You squeeze the cut nodules and there was no free flow of pus. Rather, you saw what looked like cheesy debris that crumbled into pieces. What would be your most likely morphological diagnosis?

  1. Fat necrosis
  2. Liquefactive necrosis
  3. Coagulative necrosis
  4. Calcinosis
  5. Caseous necrosis
A

Caseous necrosis

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58
Q

You performed necropsy on an old cow and observed many nodules in the lungs. When you cut through these nodules you hear a gritty sound. You squeeze the cut nodules and there was no free flow of pus. Rather, you saw what looked like cheesy debris that crumbled into pieces. What is the most likely cause of the gritty sound you heard?

  1. Calcium soap
  2. metastatic calcification
  3. fibrous tissue
  4. bone tissue
A

calcification

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59
Q

You performed necropsy on an old cow and observed many nodules in the lungs. When you cut through these nodules you hear a gritty sound. You squeeze the cut nodules and there was no free flow of pus. Rather, you saw what looked like cheesy debris that crumbled into pieces. Blood sample analysis of the animal prior to death would have indicated:

  1. calcium soap
  2. normal calcium concentration
  3. hypercalcaemia
  4. hypocalcaemia
  5. acalcemia
A

normal calcium concentration

(dystrophic calcification happens in caseous necrosis, so prior to death, it would have been normal)

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60
Q

_____________ are oxygen atoms with unshared electrons, which render them reactive

A

free radicals

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61
Q

True or false: Signs are the objective aspect of a disease process observed by the clinician

A

True

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62
Q

Of the options below, which is NOT an adaptation?

  1. Hypertrophy
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Atrophy
  4. Metaplasia
  5. Aplasia
A

Aplasia

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63
Q

True or false:

Abiotrophy is the progressive loss of tissue vitality normally due to late onset degenerative hereditary disease and is often seen in horses.

A

False: calves

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64
Q

What animal do you necropsy on RIGHT lateral recumbency?

A

Horse

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65
Q

Chronic pulmonary edema is most commonly associated with cardiac failure. Histologically, you’ll see a brownish pigmented cytoplasm because of the accumulation of hemosiderin. To confirm that those cells actually have iron in them (and not just some other brown pigment), which stain would you use?

A

Perl’s stain!

66
Q

Which stain is used to demonstrate fibrin within glomerular capillaries?

A

PTAH stain

(Phosphotungstic acid-haematoxylin stain if you’re curious)

67
Q

Which stain is used to stain copper granules (brown-red) to confirm copper storage disease?

A

Rhodanine stain.

Copper storage disease is a genetic derangement seen in Bedlington terriers. You need to stain to confirm that the hepatocyte swelling is not due to another cause

68
Q

Lipidosis should be confirmed with which stain(s)?

A

Oil Red O or Sudan III; IV

Diagnosis should be confirmed with these special stains because not all clear vacuoles are lipid

69
Q

The escape, or extravasion, of blood from blood vessels is referred to as:

A

hemorrhage

70
Q

Intestinal volvulus is common in the large intestine of the ________

A

horse

71
Q

Passive engorgement of vascular beds caused by a decreased outflow of blood is known as:

A

congestion

72
Q

ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) is an example of what type of edema?

A

Inflammatory pulmonary edema

73
Q

Fluid in the alveoli is referred to as:

A

pulmonary edema

74
Q

What are the 3 types of fat necrosis?

A
  1. Enzymatic necrosis
  2. Traumatic ncrosis of fat
  3. Necrosis of abdominal fat
75
Q

True or false: Gangrenous necrosis can start as coagulative necrosis

A

True.

76
Q

in caseous necrosis, the necrotic debris is composed of:

A

dead WBCs

77
Q

What is the most common cause of abscess?

A

Pyogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus)

S. aureus is nearly always the cause of subcutaneous abscesses

78
Q

Which type of necrosis would you consider if there was complete loss of cellular detail; no tissue architecture was preserved?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

79
Q

Concerning polioencephalomalacia in ruminants, which portion of the brain becomes softened?

A

Only the **grey matter **is softened

80
Q

Polioencephalomalacia is associated with ________ toxicity in ruminants

A

sulfur/sulfate

81
Q

Irreversible nuclear shrinkage is referred to as:

A

Pyknosis

82
Q

_________ is the term used to describe the range of morphological changes that occur following cell death in the living animal.

A

Necrosis

83
Q

True or false: Necrosis can sometimes be considered physiological

A

False. Necrosis is always considered pathological

84
Q

Equine hyperlipemia occurs especially in obese ______________

A

Shetland ponies

85
Q

The greenish-black discoloration of tissues post-mortem due to decomposition of blood by bacterial action forming H2S with Fe is called:

A

pseudomelanosis

Pseudomelanosis occurs soon after death in the gut. It is also common to see in those tissues in contact with the gut (kidney, liver, spleen, & the gut wall)

86
Q

True or false: atrophy is an example of cell death

A

False.

Atrophy is a decrease in size and/or number of the cells and their metabolic activity after normal growth has been reached (the cells are not dead)

87
Q

What is this an example of?

Which nerve could be damaged that may result in this example?

A

Laryngeal atrophy in a horse.

Likely due to LEFT recurrent laryngeal nerve damage (due to guttural pouch damage, tumors, trauma, etc…)

88
Q

The brain on the left is from a normal young adult. Note the narrowed gyri and widened sulci in the brain on the right. What is happening?

A

Atrophy of the brain.

89
Q

‘the study of the cause of disease’ is referred to as:

A

etiology

90
Q

These typical rhomboid skin lesions are caused by _________ in pigs

A

Erysipela spp.

91
Q

What is the name of the disease caused by Vitamin E deficiency in pigs?

The disease is indicated by the hepatocellular necrosis present in the image.

A

Hepatosis dietetica

92
Q

Cu storage disease in Bedlington terriers is due to a deletion of the _______ gene

A

MURR1

93
Q

True or false: Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible

A

True

94
Q

Which cell type is most sensitive to hypoxia?

A

neurons.

After about 3-5 minutes of hypoxia, neurons suffer irreversible cellular damage

95
Q

Misfolded proteins are most commonly seen in cells exposed to stress, such as ________________

A

heat & free radicals

96
Q

Ischemia or certain toxins cause an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration from intracellular stores, such as ______________

A

ER and mitochondria

97
Q

Name 3 things responsible for catalytic/enzymatic inactivation of free radicals

A
  1. Superoxide dismutase (SOD): catalyzes the breakdown of superoxide into H2O2 and O2.
  2. Glutathione peroxidase: conversion of hydroxyl free radicals to H2O
  3. Catalase: Catalyzes conversion of hydrogen peroxide into H2O and O2.
98
Q

Free radicals are neutralized by:

A
  • Antioxidants
    • Vitamin E
    • Vitamin A
    • Vitamin C
    • B-carotene
    • Ceruplasmin
    • Ferritin
99
Q

What are the two main types of reversible cell injury recognized by light microscopy?

A
  1. Cellular swelling/hydropic degeneration
  2. Fatty change
100
Q

The severe form of cellular swelling and hydropic degeneration is ________________

A

ballooning degeneration

101
Q

List 3 ultrastructural changes due to ischemia in the epithelial cell of the proximal tubule:

A
  1. Loss of microvilli
  2. Formation of blebs
  3. Mitochondrial swelling & reperfusion
102
Q

Describe the difference between hydropic degeneration and hypertrophy.

A
  • Hydropic degeneration is cell swelling due to increased uptake of water followed by diffuse disintegration of organelles and proteins in the cytoplasm
  • Hypertrophy is the enlargement of cells caused by an increase of normal organelles
103
Q

In which cells do we expect to observe fatty change?

A
  • Hepatocytes
  • cardiomyocytes
  • renal tubular epithelium
104
Q

What are the main causes of fatty change?

A

hypoxia, toxicity, and metabolic disorders

105
Q

The stain used in the image is Sudan IV.

What does Sudan IV stain?

A

lipids

106
Q

What color will denatured proteins show up as on light microscopy?

A

pink.

Denatured proteins have increased binding of eosin

107
Q

Necrotic material is frequently creamy yellow because of the presence of ____________

A

dead WBCs; pus

108
Q

Leukoencephalomalacia in horses is caused by ingestion of:

A

Ingestion of Fusarium moniliforme, a common fungi found on moldy corn

109
Q

Which caspases are considered ‘executioner caspases?’

A

Caspase 3 & Caspase 6

110
Q

Are pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis components of necrosis or components of apoptosis?

A

necrosis

111
Q

The gastric wall in the image below is wet, gelatinous, and heavy. It is an example of:

A

edema

112
Q

When pressure is applied to an area of edema, a depression or dent results as excessive interstitial fluid is forced to adjacent areas.

This is referred to as:

A

Pitting edema

113
Q

What do we use Perl’s stain for?

A

To stain for the presence of hemosiderin

114
Q

What type of cells are we referring to when we say “heart failure cells?”

What stain is used to see these in light microscopy?

A

hemosiderin-containing macrophages

Perl’s stain

115
Q

Subacute to chronic hepatic congestion is usually the result of ______________

A

right-sided heart failure

116
Q

Chronic hepatic congestion is also referred to as ______________

A

“nutmeg liver”

117
Q

_____________ is the most common cause of hypovolemic shock

A

profuse blood loss

118
Q

True or false: Hyperemia & congestion can be described as blood outside of the vessel wall.

A

False. Hemorrhage can be described as blood outside the vessel walls.

For hyperemia & congestion, the blood is within the vessel walls

119
Q

Pseudomelanosis is caused by the decomposition of blood by bacterial action forming ______ with iron.

A

H2S

120
Q

Cool environmental temperatures inhibit autolysis and delay putrefaction. What are the two exceptions to this general rule and why?

A

Ruminant forestomach and equine cecum

Ingesta will continue to undergo bacterial fermentation after death, leading to the production of gas and heat.

121
Q

True or false: Anthrax can cause a lack of rigor mortis

A

True.

122
Q

True or false: Hemoglobin imbibition is always a post-mortem change

A

False.

Hg is released by lysed RBCs and penetrates the vessel wall and extends into the adjacent tissues, BUT Hg staining can occur in acute intravascular hemolysis (so it’s not always a post-mortem change).

123
Q

Which heart is normal?

A

The one on the right is normal.

The heart on the left has undergone serous atrophy of fat. It has lost fat due to negative energy balance or some other pathology.

124
Q

Name the most likely etiology for multifocal hemorrhagic necrosis in pigs

A

Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency

Name of the disease is Hepatosis dietetica

Name of the condition is “mulberry disease”

125
Q

What are the intracellular stores that help maintain low Ca2+ concentrations?

A

mitochondria and ER

126
Q

If the mitochondria is damaged, what will be the sequela?

A

apoptotic cell death (lysis)

Toxins/hypoxia: increased cytosolic Ca2+ –> high conductance channel –> leakage of cytochrome C –> triggers apoptotic cell death pathway

127
Q

True or false: Xanthine oxidase is a source of free-radicals

A

True.

128
Q

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalyzes the breakdown of superoxide into ______ & ______

A

H2O2 and O2

129
Q

Which pattern of necrosis is only recognizable at the histological level?

A

Fibrinod nicrosis

130
Q

Describe what’s happening at this pancreas

A

Pancreatic saponification

131
Q

Endothelin causes vaso__________

A

Endothelin causes vasoconstriction

132
Q

What’s that?

A

pulmonary edema

133
Q

What is the difference between hyperemia and congestion?

A
  • Hyperemia is arteriole engorgement of **oxygenated **blood
  • Congestion is venous engorgement of **non-oxygenated **blood
134
Q

What is wrong with this picture? (this is a liver)

A

Hepatic congestion, aka “Nutmeg liver”

Usually the result of right-sided CHF

135
Q

A common sequela to hemopericardium is:

A

cardiac tampanade

There is only so much space in the pericardium. When it fills with fluid, that increases afterload and the heart has difficulties

136
Q

MDx?

A

Diffuse gingival hyperplasia

137
Q

True or false: Cardiomyocytes and neurons are unable to undergo hyperplasia

A

True

138
Q

Name the EDx for this picture

A

Verminous arteritis

Asked for the ETIOLOGIC diagnosis, so it will be parasitic/verminous arteritis b/c you can see parasites (Dirofilaria) in the pulmonary artery

139
Q

Vitamin A deficiency and estrogen toxicity can lead to what type of cell adaption?

A

metaplasia

140
Q

What is this condition called?

A

serous atrophy of fat

Caused by mobilization of fats (often during starvation)

141
Q

Which of the following is not an effect that leads to fat necrosis?

  1. pancreatitis
  2. trauma
  3. abdominal fat in jersey cows
  4. energy imbalance
A

energy imbalance

142
Q

Name this incidental finding.

In what species is it incidental?

A

Valvular hematocysts.

Incidental in the bovine

143
Q

Regarding necrosis: do cells swell or shrink?

A

Necrosis = cell swelling

Apoptosis = cell shrinking

144
Q

Necrosis that is white, friable, crumbly is what type of necrosis?

A

Caseous necrosis

145
Q

Which of these is an example of nuclear fragmentation?

What is that called?

A

karyorrhexis

karyo = nucleus, rhexis = rupture

146
Q

Pre- or post- mortem clot?

A

post-mortem clot

147
Q

Pre- or post-mortem clot?

A

pre-mortem clot

148
Q

What is the most likely etiological cause of caseous necrosis in cows?

A

mycobacterium

m = moo

149
Q

What is the most likely etiological cause of caseous necrosis in sheep?

A

cornyobacterium

150
Q

Pulmonary edema is caused by _____-sided CHF

A

Pulmonary edema is caused by left-sided CHF

151
Q

If edema fluid is protein rich, the term used is:

A

exudate

152
Q

If edema fluid is protein-poor, the term used is:

A

transudate

153
Q

Name the ‘initiator caspases’ for apoptosis

A

Caspase 8 and Caspase 9

154
Q

Inflammation in the uterus is called:

A

metritis

155
Q

Which of these exhibits chromatin dissolution?

What is that called?

A

Karyolysis

karyo = nucleus, lysis = loosen

156
Q

Which of these exhibits nuclear shrinkage?

What is that called?

A

Pyknosis

pykno = to condense, karyo = nucleus

157
Q

Give an example of a time hemoglobin imbibition is not a post-mortem change?

A

Hg staining can occur in acute intravascular hemolysis

158
Q

EDx?

A

Canine herpes virus 1; viral nephritis

159
Q

Which is an example of hypertrophy?

A
160
Q

Which is an example of hyperplasia?

A
161
Q

Which is an example of metaplasia?

A

RUSVM Pathology 1 (3 decks)

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