Pathology Exam 1 Material Flashcards
True or false: you will always see bile imbibition in a necropsy
False. It takes a while to occur, so you won’t always see it
Is tympany a pre-mortem or post-mortem change?
Tympany is a pre-mortem change.
It can be differentiated from bloat by looking for esophageal blanching
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is common in which breed of cat?
Maine coon
An increase in the number of cells of an organ is called:
hyperplasia
A change in the **phenotype **in a differentiated cell is called:
Metaplasia
Metaplasia is most commonly seen in which type of cells?
Epithelial cells
Malignant tumor of epithelial cell origin: ____________
Carcinoma
A decreased # of RBCs in blood, blood volume, or Hb deficiency is called:
anemia
**Cyanide toxicosis **can occur when a cow eats plants with _________ acid
Cyanide toxicosis can occur when a cow eats plants with prussic acid.
Cow eats plants with prussic acid –> microbes produce free cyanide –> free cyanide is absorbed and reacts with Fe3+ (ferric iron) in cytochrome oxidase –> cellular respiration
Impaired blood flow to tissues is also called:
Ischemia
Copper storage disease is a genetic deletion of Murr 1 gene in what breed of dog?
Bedlington Terriers
Lack of tyronsinase causes ___________
albinism
True or False: You can use PAS as a stain for lipofuscin
True.
___________ is also known as the “wear and tear pigment”
lipofuscin
What does it mean for a disease to be multifactorial?
It has more than one cause
A list of diseases that could account for the evidence or lesions of the case is known as:
differential diagnosis
Negri bodies in nerves are pathognomonic for ________
rabies
Is liver mortis a pre- or post-mortem change? What about hypostatic congestion?
Post-mortem change!
(Livor mortis & hypostatic congestion are the same thing)
If there is a clot that is completely unattached to the vessel walls, is it a pre- or post-mortem clot?
post-mortem clot
Which will bloat more quickly: herbivores or carnivores?
herbivores.
Bloating results from post-mortem bacterial gas formation in the lumen of the GI tract. Herbivores have a higher presence of GI tract microbes
increased size of cells and their functions is called:
hypertrophy
Will we see hyperplasia in the heart? Why?
No.
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells of an organ. Cardiomyocytes do not have the capacity to divide!!
Only tissue lined by ________ can undergo hyperplasia
epithelium
inadequate oxygenation of tissues is called:
hypoxia
__________ refers to the accumulation of triglycerides and other lipid metabolites (neutral fats and cholesterol) within the cytosol of parenchymal cells
lipidosis
Which stain(s) is/are used to confirm lipidosis?
Oil Red O; Sudan IV
Coagulative necrosis is commonly caused by _________ in all solid organs except the brain
ischemia
a localized area of coagulative necrosis is called:
an infarct
Which cattle breeds are most susceptible to necrosis of abdominal fat?
Jersey & Guernsey
Morphological diagnosis?
Multifocal, acute renal necrosis and hemorrhage
or
Multifocal, acute necrohemorrhagic nephritis
If something is characteristic or indicative of a specific disease, it is ____________________.
pathognomonic
self-digestion or degradation of cells and tissues by the hydrolytic enzymes normally present in tissue: ___________
autolysis
The process by which post-mortem bacteria break down tissues is called:
putrefaction/decomposition
__________ refers to the contraction of the muscles after death
rigor mortis
What is this an example of?
Hypostatic congestion (livor mortis)
Red staining of tissue, especially in the heart, arteries, & veins is called:
hemoglobin imbibition
Hg is released by lysed RBCs and penetrates the vessel wall and extends into the adjacent tissues
When bile in the gallbladder starts to penetrate the wall and stains the adjacent tissue, this is called:
bile imbibition
A decrease in size and/or number of cells and metabolic activity is known as:
atrophy
Complete the MDx:
- Focal
- Multifocal
- Diffuse
- Generalized
- Miliary
B. Multifocal
notice the multiple areas of the affected white matter
Complete the MDx:
- Leukocytosis
- Encephalomalacia
- Hemorrhage
- Caseous necrosis
- Atrophy
- Enchephalomalacia
Notice the depressed areas in the tissue indicating there is “missing” tissue, which indicates necrosis. Remember, necrosis may present concurrently with hemorrhage
If the necrosis is only in the white matter, which term should be used?
- Leukosis
- Leukoencephalomalacia
- Polioencephalomalacia
- Malacia
- Polioleukoencephalomalacia
Leukoencephalomalacia
Describe the distribution in these lymph nodes from a sheep:
- Focal
- Multifocal
- Multifocal to coalescing
- Diffuse
- Locally extensive
Multifocal to coalescing
What pattern of necrosis is represented on these sites?
- Coagulative
- Caseous
- Gangrenous
- Fatty
Caseous
Select the MDx in this tissue from a horse
- Steroidal nephritis
- Drug induced nephritis
- Locally extensive, acute medullary necrosis
- Caseous nephritis
- Malacic nephritis
Locally extensive, acute medullary necrosis
Select the EDx for this tissue from a horse
- Locally extensive, acute medullary necrosis
- Ischemia
- Drug induced nephritis
- Caseous nephritis
- Malacic nephritis
Drug induced nephritis
What pattern of necrosis is in this affected area?
- Coagulative
- Caseous
- Gangrenous
- Fatty
Coagulative
Fluid in the thoracic cavity is known as:
hydrothorax
Non-inflammatory fluid within the pericardial sac is called:
hydropericardium
Fluid (transudate) within the peritoneal cavity is called:
Ascites or hydroperitoneum
Generalized edema with profuse accumulation of fluid within the subcutaneous tissue is known as:
Anasarca
This type of edema is commonly associated with severe GI parasitism and hypoproteinemia in sheep
Submandibular edema (bottle jaw)
Hypoxic degeneration will cause what type of necrosis?
coagulative
When is the only time ischemia would NOT be coagulative necrosis?
Brain/Fat
What will you not see with apoptosis that you will see with necrosis?
inflammation
True or false: Pseudomelanosis is a pigment formed from the combining of Fe w/ S during life in the intestine of an animal
False.
(formed after death)
True or false:
Jaundice causes increased bilirubin in the blood stream.
False.
(other way around)
You performed necropsy on an old cow and observed many nodules in the lungs. When you cut through these nodules you hear a gritty sound. You squeeze the cut nodules and there was no free flow of pus. Rather, you saw what looked like cheesy debris that crumbled into pieces. What would be your most likely morphological diagnosis?
- Fat necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis
- Coagulative necrosis
- Calcinosis
- Caseous necrosis
Caseous necrosis
You performed necropsy on an old cow and observed many nodules in the lungs. When you cut through these nodules you hear a gritty sound. You squeeze the cut nodules and there was no free flow of pus. Rather, you saw what looked like cheesy debris that crumbled into pieces. What is the most likely cause of the gritty sound you heard?
- Calcium soap
- metastatic calcification
- fibrous tissue
- bone tissue
calcification
You performed necropsy on an old cow and observed many nodules in the lungs. When you cut through these nodules you hear a gritty sound. You squeeze the cut nodules and there was no free flow of pus. Rather, you saw what looked like cheesy debris that crumbled into pieces. Blood sample analysis of the animal prior to death would have indicated:
- calcium soap
- normal calcium concentration
- hypercalcaemia
- hypocalcaemia
- acalcemia
normal calcium concentration
(dystrophic calcification happens in caseous necrosis, so prior to death, it would have been normal)
_____________ are oxygen atoms with unshared electrons, which render them reactive
free radicals
True or false: Signs are the objective aspect of a disease process observed by the clinician
True
Of the options below, which is NOT an adaptation?
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Atrophy
- Metaplasia
- Aplasia
Aplasia
True or false:
Abiotrophy is the progressive loss of tissue vitality normally due to late onset degenerative hereditary disease and is often seen in horses.
False: calves
What animal do you necropsy on RIGHT lateral recumbency?
Horse
Chronic pulmonary edema is most commonly associated with cardiac failure. Histologically, you’ll see a brownish pigmented cytoplasm because of the accumulation of hemosiderin. To confirm that those cells actually have iron in them (and not just some other brown pigment), which stain would you use?
Perl’s stain!
Which stain is used to demonstrate fibrin within glomerular capillaries?
PTAH stain
(Phosphotungstic acid-haematoxylin stain if you’re curious)
Which stain is used to stain copper granules (brown-red) to confirm copper storage disease?
Rhodanine stain.
Copper storage disease is a genetic derangement seen in Bedlington terriers. You need to stain to confirm that the hepatocyte swelling is not due to another cause
Lipidosis should be confirmed with which stain(s)?
Oil Red O or Sudan III; IV
Diagnosis should be confirmed with these special stains because not all clear vacuoles are lipid
The escape, or extravasion, of blood from blood vessels is referred to as:
hemorrhage
Intestinal volvulus is common in the large intestine of the ________
horse
Passive engorgement of vascular beds caused by a decreased outflow of blood is known as:
congestion
ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) is an example of what type of edema?
Inflammatory pulmonary edema
Fluid in the alveoli is referred to as:
pulmonary edema
What are the 3 types of fat necrosis?
- Enzymatic necrosis
- Traumatic ncrosis of fat
- Necrosis of abdominal fat
True or false: Gangrenous necrosis can start as coagulative necrosis
True.
in caseous necrosis, the necrotic debris is composed of:
dead WBCs
What is the most common cause of abscess?
Pyogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus)
S. aureus is nearly always the cause of subcutaneous abscesses
Which type of necrosis would you consider if there was complete loss of cellular detail; no tissue architecture was preserved?
Liquefactive necrosis
Concerning polioencephalomalacia in ruminants, which portion of the brain becomes softened?
Only the **grey matter **is softened
Polioencephalomalacia is associated with ________ toxicity in ruminants
sulfur/sulfate
Irreversible nuclear shrinkage is referred to as:
Pyknosis
_________ is the term used to describe the range of morphological changes that occur following cell death in the living animal.
Necrosis
True or false: Necrosis can sometimes be considered physiological
False. Necrosis is always considered pathological
Equine hyperlipemia occurs especially in obese ______________
Shetland ponies
The greenish-black discoloration of tissues post-mortem due to decomposition of blood by bacterial action forming H2S with Fe is called:
pseudomelanosis
Pseudomelanosis occurs soon after death in the gut. It is also common to see in those tissues in contact with the gut (kidney, liver, spleen, & the gut wall)
True or false: atrophy is an example of cell death
False.
Atrophy is a decrease in size and/or number of the cells and their metabolic activity after normal growth has been reached (the cells are not dead)
What is this an example of?
Which nerve could be damaged that may result in this example?
Laryngeal atrophy in a horse.
Likely due to LEFT recurrent laryngeal nerve damage (due to guttural pouch damage, tumors, trauma, etc…)
The brain on the left is from a normal young adult. Note the narrowed gyri and widened sulci in the brain on the right. What is happening?
Atrophy of the brain.
‘the study of the cause of disease’ is referred to as:
etiology
These typical rhomboid skin lesions are caused by _________ in pigs
Erysipela spp.
What is the name of the disease caused by Vitamin E deficiency in pigs?
The disease is indicated by the hepatocellular necrosis present in the image.
Hepatosis dietetica
Cu storage disease in Bedlington terriers is due to a deletion of the _______ gene
MURR1
True or false: Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible
True
Which cell type is most sensitive to hypoxia?
neurons.
After about 3-5 minutes of hypoxia, neurons suffer irreversible cellular damage
Misfolded proteins are most commonly seen in cells exposed to stress, such as ________________
heat & free radicals
Ischemia or certain toxins cause an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration from intracellular stores, such as ______________
ER and mitochondria
Name 3 things responsible for catalytic/enzymatic inactivation of free radicals
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD): catalyzes the breakdown of superoxide into H2O2 and O2.
- Glutathione peroxidase: conversion of hydroxyl free radicals to H2O
- Catalase: Catalyzes conversion of hydrogen peroxide into H2O and O2.
Free radicals are neutralized by:
- Antioxidants
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C
- B-carotene
- Ceruplasmin
- Ferritin
What are the two main types of reversible cell injury recognized by light microscopy?
- Cellular swelling/hydropic degeneration
- Fatty change
The severe form of cellular swelling and hydropic degeneration is ________________
ballooning degeneration
List 3 ultrastructural changes due to ischemia in the epithelial cell of the proximal tubule:
- Loss of microvilli
- Formation of blebs
- Mitochondrial swelling & reperfusion
Describe the difference between hydropic degeneration and hypertrophy.
- Hydropic degeneration is cell swelling due to increased uptake of water followed by diffuse disintegration of organelles and proteins in the cytoplasm
- Hypertrophy is the enlargement of cells caused by an increase of normal organelles
In which cells do we expect to observe fatty change?
- Hepatocytes
- cardiomyocytes
- renal tubular epithelium
What are the main causes of fatty change?
hypoxia, toxicity, and metabolic disorders
The stain used in the image is Sudan IV.
What does Sudan IV stain?
lipids
What color will denatured proteins show up as on light microscopy?
pink.
Denatured proteins have increased binding of eosin
Necrotic material is frequently creamy yellow because of the presence of ____________
dead WBCs; pus
Leukoencephalomalacia in horses is caused by ingestion of:
Ingestion of Fusarium moniliforme, a common fungi found on moldy corn
Which caspases are considered ‘executioner caspases?’
Caspase 3 & Caspase 6
Are pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis components of necrosis or components of apoptosis?
necrosis
The gastric wall in the image below is wet, gelatinous, and heavy. It is an example of:
edema
When pressure is applied to an area of edema, a depression or dent results as excessive interstitial fluid is forced to adjacent areas.
This is referred to as:
Pitting edema
What do we use Perl’s stain for?
To stain for the presence of hemosiderin
What type of cells are we referring to when we say “heart failure cells?”
What stain is used to see these in light microscopy?
hemosiderin-containing macrophages
Perl’s stain
Subacute to chronic hepatic congestion is usually the result of ______________
right-sided heart failure
Chronic hepatic congestion is also referred to as ______________
“nutmeg liver”
_____________ is the most common cause of hypovolemic shock
profuse blood loss
True or false: Hyperemia & congestion can be described as blood outside of the vessel wall.
False. Hemorrhage can be described as blood outside the vessel walls.
For hyperemia & congestion, the blood is within the vessel walls
Pseudomelanosis is caused by the decomposition of blood by bacterial action forming ______ with iron.
H2S
Cool environmental temperatures inhibit autolysis and delay putrefaction. What are the two exceptions to this general rule and why?
Ruminant forestomach and equine cecum
Ingesta will continue to undergo bacterial fermentation after death, leading to the production of gas and heat.
True or false: Anthrax can cause a lack of rigor mortis
True.
True or false: Hemoglobin imbibition is always a post-mortem change
False.
Hg is released by lysed RBCs and penetrates the vessel wall and extends into the adjacent tissues, BUT Hg staining can occur in acute intravascular hemolysis (so it’s not always a post-mortem change).
Which heart is normal?
The one on the right is normal.
The heart on the left has undergone serous atrophy of fat. It has lost fat due to negative energy balance or some other pathology.
Name the most likely etiology for multifocal hemorrhagic necrosis in pigs
Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency
Name of the disease is Hepatosis dietetica
Name of the condition is “mulberry disease”
What are the intracellular stores that help maintain low Ca2+ concentrations?
mitochondria and ER
If the mitochondria is damaged, what will be the sequela?
apoptotic cell death (lysis)
Toxins/hypoxia: increased cytosolic Ca2+ –> high conductance channel –> leakage of cytochrome C –> triggers apoptotic cell death pathway
True or false: Xanthine oxidase is a source of free-radicals
True.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalyzes the breakdown of superoxide into ______ & ______
H2O2 and O2
Which pattern of necrosis is only recognizable at the histological level?
Fibrinod nicrosis
Describe what’s happening at this pancreas
Pancreatic saponification
Endothelin causes vaso__________
Endothelin causes vasoconstriction
What’s that?
pulmonary edema
What is the difference between hyperemia and congestion?
- Hyperemia is arteriole engorgement of **oxygenated **blood
- Congestion is venous engorgement of **non-oxygenated **blood
What is wrong with this picture? (this is a liver)
Hepatic congestion, aka “Nutmeg liver”
Usually the result of right-sided CHF
A common sequela to hemopericardium is:
cardiac tampanade
There is only so much space in the pericardium. When it fills with fluid, that increases afterload and the heart has difficulties
MDx?
Diffuse gingival hyperplasia
True or false: Cardiomyocytes and neurons are unable to undergo hyperplasia
True
Name the EDx for this picture
Verminous arteritis
Asked for the ETIOLOGIC diagnosis, so it will be parasitic/verminous arteritis b/c you can see parasites (Dirofilaria) in the pulmonary artery
Vitamin A deficiency and estrogen toxicity can lead to what type of cell adaption?
metaplasia
What is this condition called?
serous atrophy of fat
Caused by mobilization of fats (often during starvation)
Which of the following is not an effect that leads to fat necrosis?
- pancreatitis
- trauma
- abdominal fat in jersey cows
- energy imbalance
energy imbalance
Name this incidental finding.
In what species is it incidental?
Valvular hematocysts.
Incidental in the bovine
Regarding necrosis: do cells swell or shrink?
Necrosis = cell swelling
Apoptosis = cell shrinking
Necrosis that is white, friable, crumbly is what type of necrosis?
Caseous necrosis
Which of these is an example of nuclear fragmentation?
What is that called?
karyorrhexis
karyo = nucleus, rhexis = rupture
Pre- or post- mortem clot?
post-mortem clot
Pre- or post-mortem clot?
pre-mortem clot
What is the most likely etiological cause of caseous necrosis in cows?
mycobacterium
m = moo
What is the most likely etiological cause of caseous necrosis in sheep?
cornyobacterium
Pulmonary edema is caused by _____-sided CHF
Pulmonary edema is caused by left-sided CHF
If edema fluid is protein rich, the term used is:
exudate
If edema fluid is protein-poor, the term used is:
transudate
Name the ‘initiator caspases’ for apoptosis
Caspase 8 and Caspase 9
Inflammation in the uterus is called:
metritis
Which of these exhibits chromatin dissolution?
What is that called?
Karyolysis
karyo = nucleus, lysis = loosen
Which of these exhibits nuclear shrinkage?
What is that called?
Pyknosis
pykno = to condense, karyo = nucleus
Give an example of a time hemoglobin imbibition is not a post-mortem change?
Hg staining can occur in acute intravascular hemolysis
EDx?
Canine herpes virus 1; viral nephritis
Which is an example of hypertrophy?
Which is an example of hyperplasia?
Which is an example of metaplasia?
