Pathology Exam 2 Material Flashcards
1
Q
What is the brown pigment present in this fresh intestine from a dog?
A
Lipofuscin
2
Q
T/F: Fibrin is typically associated with chronic processes
A
False!
You don’t see fibrin in chronic processes because by then it should already by phagocytosed. You will however see fibrous tissue
3
Q
Acute inflammatory processes are partially characterized by the emigration of white blood cells to the sites of inflammation. Which type of cells make up most of these WBCs?
A
Neutrophils
4
Q
Would this image be more accurately described as acute or chronic?
A
Chronic
Note the presence of fibrous tissue
5
Q
Name the cytokines induced when PAMPs and TLRs bind:
A
IL-1, TNF-a, and Interferon (IFN)
*has been a test question*
6
Q
Name the toll-like receptor (TLR) associated with LPS (Gram-negative):
A
TLR4
7
Q
Name the toll-like receptor (TLR) associated with lipotheicoic acids (Gram-positive):
A
TLR4
8
Q
Name the toll-like receptor (TLR) associated with lipoarabinomannon (Mycobacteria):
A
TLR2 and TLR4
9
Q
When neutrophils cannot engulf a particle due to size, it will spew out contents in an attempt to neutralize it, then it is eaten by macrophages.
What is this process known as?
A
Frustrated phagocytosis
10
Q
What is the ‘main cell’ in the acute inflammatory response?
A
Neutrophils
11
Q
Inflammatory sites rich in neutrophils are referred to as _________ and __________
A
Inflammatory sites rich in neutrophils are referred to as suppurative and purulent
12
Q
Avian species do not have neutrophils. Instead, they have:
A
heterophils
13
Q
Which cell type do you expect to be more abundant in inflammatory diseases of immunologic, parasitic, or allergic origin?
A
Eosinophils!
14
Q
Name the 7 major chemoattractants associated with eosinophils:
A
- Histamine
- c5a
- CCL-5
- CCL-11
- IL-4
- IL-5
- IL-13
15
Q
Name the etiology associated with the image.
The EDx?
A
Etiology: Habronema spp.
EDx: Habronemal dermatitis/coronitis
16
Q
EDx?
A
Habronemal balanoposthitis
(balanoposthitis is inflammation of the foreskin and head of the penis)
17
Q
T/F: lymphocytes and plasma cells are commonly seen in innate immune responses
A
False
lymphocytes and plasma cells are commonly seen in adaptive immune responses
18
Q
Name the tachykinin responsible for inducing degranulation of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and release of their histamine
A
Substance P
19
Q
Which complement product functions in opsonization?
A
C3b
20
Q
Histamine is present in tissues, basophils, and platelets, but primarily in ____________
A
mast cells
21
Q
Which cytokines play the biggest role in hematopoiesis?
A
IL-3, G-CSF
22
Q
TNF and IL-1, the two major cytokines in acute inflammation, are produced primarily by:
A
activated macrophages
23
Q
What is the primary cytokine associated with fever?
A
IL-1
24
Q
The pathologic state characterized by weight loss and anorexia that accompanies some CHRONIC infections and neoplastic diseases is known as:
A
Cachexia
25
T/F: Chemokines are produced by *all* nucleated cells
True
26
If you see fibrin, you automatically know that the process is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(acute or chronic)
**acute**
27
Inflammation of the **lymph nodes **is known as:
**lymphadenitis**
28
Inflammation of the **lymphatic vessels** is known as:
**lymphangitis**
29
LPS from gram negative bacteria can stimulate the release of inflammatory mediators.
The receptor that recognizes LPS is:
**TLR-4**
TLR-4 is a pattern recognition receptor that recognize PAMPs such as LPS, lipotechoic acid, and lipoarabinominnon.
30
T/F: Fibrosis is a sign of acute inflammation.
**False**.
*Fibrin* deposition may be seen in acute inflammation. Fibrosis is an indication of chronic inflammation
31
The formation and development of collagen rich fibrous tissue is termed:
Desmoplasia
32
T/F: A **papilloma** is a benign lesion located on mucosal surfaces
**False**.
A **polyp** is on mucosal surfaces. Papillomas are on epithelial surfaces.
33
T/F: Classification of a neoplastic lesion based on size, spread to lymph nodes, and degree of hematogenous metastasis is referred to as staging.
**True**
Staging uses the TMN system and is more useful in classifying tumors. Grading is based on degree of differentiation (anaplasia).
34
T/F: Blockage of COX-2 will result in anti-inflammatory effects
**True**
COX-2 is up-regulated in inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. Blockage of COX-1 will result in disruption of the microcirculation and may lead to ischemia
35
All of the following are pre-neoplastic conditions except:
* Hyperplasia
* Metaplasia
* Dysplasia
* Hypertrophy
**Hypertrophy**
36
Petechiae and ecchymoses associated with terminal hypoxia are known as
**agonal hemorrhage**
37
How would you describe the hemorrhage in the image?
**petechial**
Petechia – up to 1-2 mm in size; especially on skin, mucosal, serosal surfaces
38
The pathological form of hemostasis is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The pathological form of hemostasis is **_thrombosis_**, in which a clot forms within a vessel that is not injured or is mildly injured
39
Pulmonary thrombosis is common when there is significant loss of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, usually due to protein-losing nephropathy
**antithrombin III**
(antithrombin III is the major inhibitor of thrombin)
40
**Saddle thrombosis** in a cat is shown in the image. What structure is affected?
abdominal aorta
41
Caused by *S. vulgaris* - what is the etiological diagnosis?
Verminous/parasitic thrombosis
42
Which histological stain would you use to demonstrate fibrin within glomerular capillaries?
**PTAH**
43
Is shock characterized by systemic HYPOperfusion or systemic HYPERperfusion?
shock is characterized by systemic **HYPOperfusion **(hypotension and hypoxia) caused by decrease in CO or decreased circulating blood volume
44
Blisters are an example of *which type of exudate*?
**Serous exudate**
45
The ulcerative mammillitis shown in the image is a distinct characteristic for which viral infection?
**Bovine herpesvirus 2 (BHV-2)**
46
Which cell type produces mucin?
goblet cells
47
**Monezial enteritis**, shown in the image, provides an example of *what type of exudate*?
Catarrhal
48
An exudate composed of *high* concentrations of plasma proteins and *little to no* WBCs would be considered a __________ exudate
fibrinous
49
"Shipping disease" in cattle is caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which produces fibrinous exudate over the ventral lung lobes
***Mannheima haeomolytica***
50
What is the EDx for the image shown, caused by Bovine Herpesvirus 1 [BHV-1]?
Viral rhinotracheitis
51
What is the EDx for the image shown (Glasser's Disease in pigs)?
**Bacterial polyserositis/peritonitis**
Etiological agent: *Haemophilus parasuis*
Commonly found in association with _PRRS_ virus and to a lesser extent _PCV-2_
52
What is a suppurative exudate composed of?
**pus; high numbers of WBCs (neutrophils)**
53
What is the most common bacteria associated with pyometra?
***Escherichia coli***
54
MDx?
Purulent meningitis
55
What is the name of this condition?
Etiological agent?
EDx?
**Name**: Johne's Disease
**Etiological Agent:** *Mycobacterium avium* subsp *paratuberculosis*
**Edx:** Mycobacterial ileitis
56
The image shown is an example of chronic active inflammation and is caused by *Rhodococcus equi*.
What is the EDx? MDx?
**EDx**: rhodococcal lymphadenitis
**MDx**: pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis
57
T/F: This enteritis in a pig, caused by *Lawsonia intracellularis* and similar to Johne's disease in cattle, is an example of granulomatous inflammation
**False!!**
While this is similar to Johne's disease in cattle (which is granulomatous), this demonstration in *pigs* is an example of **proliferative enteritis**, _characterized by *extensive proliferation of crypt epithelium*_
58
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ abscess formation is often associated with foreign bodies
(septic or sterile)
**Sterile**
59
T/F: In some instances, cellular regeneration can still take place if the basement membrane is damaged
**False.**
If the basement membrane of a cell is damaged, no regeneration will occur (won't be able to replicate)
60
MDx for this tissue in a horse?
Diffuse chronic proliferative gastritis
61
This hypertrophic scarring is known as ___________ in horses
"proud flesh"
62
Teratomas arise from ____________ cells
Teratomas arise from **_totipotent germ cells_**
63
These nasty horse balls are an example of a mixed tumor. What type?
**Teratoma**
64
This pig kidney is an example of a mixed tumor. What type?
Nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumor)
65
What's that?
thyroid adenoma
66
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the hallmark of malignancy since benign neoplasms do not metastasize
**_Metastasis_** is the hallmark of malignancy since benign neoplasms do not metastasize
67
What stain would be used to show invasive carcinoma cells originating from the gastric epithelium?
**Alcian blue**
68
Specific stain for calcium?
**Alzarin stain**
69
What is a general stain used for phosphates and carbonates?
**Von Kossa Staining**
70
Is mineralization in the basement membrane of a cell dystrophic or metastatic?
**metastatic**
71
MDx?
Multifocal necrotizing hepatitis with intralesional parasites (*Fascioloides*)
72
EDx for the image? (caused by *Fascioloides magna*)
What is the black pigment in the photo?
EDx**: Hepatic trematodiasis**
Black pigment is **parasite hematin**
73
What is the yellow pigment in this siderotic plaque of the spleen?
To review: siderotic plaques are considered incidental findings in *which species*?
Yellow pigment is **hematoidin** (derived from the breakdown of Hg)
dogs
74
What is the major pigment found in bile?
**bilirrubin**
derived from hemoglobin (Hg) but _contains no iron_!!!
75
yellow discoloration of the tissues is known as _________ and is a common clinical disorder caused by:
yellow discoloration of the tissues is known as **_jaundice_** and is a common clinical disorder caused by **_excess of bilirrubin pigment within cells and tissues_**
76
What was likely used in this young animal that caused the yellowing of the teeth?
tetracyclines
77
The majority of albinism cases are caused by lack of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
tyrosinase
78
What is the most common light-absorbing pigment found in the animal kingdom?
**melanin**
79
Which stain would you use to differentiate between melanocytes and macrophages?
**Masson-Fontana**
Melanocytes will stain black/brown
80
I say 'wear and tear pigment,' you say:
**lipofuscin**
81
T/F: You can use PAS as a stain for lipofuscin
**True**
82
Which stain would you use to confirm hemosiderin?
**Prussian blue**
will stain hemosiderin bright blue (can also use Perl's stain)
83
What are 'heart failure cells'?
**macrophages that contain hemosiderin**
When there is hemorrhage present, macrophages come in and clean up, and take in Fe --\> Hemosiderin
84
**Hemochromatosis** is an inherited disease with overloads of hemosiderin in parenchymal cells such as the liver
This is common in which breed?
**Salers cattle**
85
T/F: Bilirubin contains iron
**False**
86
**Congenital erythropoietic porphyria** in calves is due to a defect in heme synthesis by deficiency of:
**Uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase**
87
**Pink tooth** is the accumulation of porphyrins in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**dentin**
88
T/F: Dystrophic calcification is characterized by excessive influx of calcium, resulting in very high amounts of serum calcium
**False**
In dystrophic calcification, there is **normal** serum calcium.
Dead and dying cells cannot regulate the influx of Calcium into their cytosol and this will accumulate in the mitochondria
89
Name the stain. What is it staining for?
**Alzarin stain**
Calcium
90
T/F: Metastatic calcification is characterized by an increase in serum calcium and/or phosphate
**True**
91
T/F: Fibrin and platelets are the two major components of a thrombus
True
92
T/F: A **carcinoma-in-situ** refers to a cancer within an epithelial surface that has penetrated the basement- membrane
**FALSE**
A carcinoma-in-situ refers to a cancer within an epithelial surface that has **_not_** penetrated the basement- membrane
93
The pigment seen in the heart of this aging dairy cow is more than likely:
lipofuscin
94
This non-oxygenation Hb that gives a bluish appearance to skin and tissues is known as:
cyanosis
95
When there is an excess (local or systemic) of iron, ferritin forms \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
hemosiderin granules
96
Iron is transported normally by transferrins. Where are transferrins made?
liver
97
Name the stain
Prussian blue
98
MDx?
Eosinophilic cheilitis
99
In Johne's Disease, the thickening of the lamina propria is attributed to the high numbers of *which cell type*?
macrophages
100
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) is commonly seen in which breed(s)?
**Holstein Cattle** and **Irish Setter** Dogs
101
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) is due to a deficiency in:
β2 integrins (CD18)
102
Inflammatory reactions associated with eosinophilic infiltrates are called:
granulomatous
103
What stain would you use to highlight the granules of **mast cells**?
What is the stain actually *staining*?
**Toluidine Blue**
Stains the mucopolysaccharides (such as heparin)
The granules of eosinophils and neutrophils will not stain with toluidine blue because they do not contain mucopolysaccharides
104
What type of exudate is composed of mucus & mucins from a mucous membrane, and pus?
Catarrhal/mucopurulent exudate
105
Which of these factors does **not** tend toward repair via fibrosis?
* Severe prolonged stimulus
* Ulceration
* Large exudative amounts
* Erosion
* Lack of renewable cell population
**Erosion**
Because this does not destroy the basement membrane
106
What are the main actions of **kinins**?
**increase vascular permeability** and **pain**
107
When we use COX inhibitors, what is it that we're actually blocking?
COX-blockers block the cyclooxygenase pathway of AA metabolism (prostaglandin production)
108
Which cytokine contributes to **cachexia**?
TNF
109
Which chemokine activates neutrophils and has a chemotactic effect on neutrophils?
IL-8
110
Name two C-C chemokines that attract eosinophils
Eotaxin (CCL11) and RANTES (CCL5)
