Pathology - Female Flashcards
(53 cards)
most common cause of primary amenorrhea
Turner’s Syndrome (XO)
Second most common cause of primary amenorrhea
Mullerian Agenesis (a/w ectopic kidneys)
Involuntary spasm of the muscles of the pelvic floor –> pain
Vaginismus
Cells infected w/ HPV
Koilocytes
Cx a/w mothers who took DES (diethylstilbestrol) during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage
Clear Cell Adenoma
Cervical motion tenderness
Chandeleir sign (PID)
PID w/ right upper quadrant tenderness from bacterial transmigration to liver capsule
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
Presence of entometrial tissue outside of the uterus; transvaginal sonogram can detect endometriotic cysts
Ovaries > pouch of Douglass
endometriosis
Endometrial glands & stroma within the myometrium of the uterus
Adenomyositis
Proliferation of endometrial glands & stroma in galnd> stroma due to unopposed estrogen on endometrial tissue
endometrial hyperplasia (simple vs. complex and Atypia vs no atypia
2 kinds of endometrial cancera
Endometrioid (from endometrial hyperplasia, due to unopposed estrogen)
Papillary serous & clear cell - poorly differentiated cancers that do not arise from endometrial hyperplasia (more aggressive tumors)
Major reason for post-menopausal bleeding
endometrial cancer
Arise from mesenchymal cells of the myometrium (NOT pre-existing leiomyomas) - pleomorphic spindle cells w/ mitosis
leiomyosarcoma
result of the fertilization of an empty ovum by 2 sperm or by haploid sperm, divides nuclear material and forms diploid chromosomes
Increased maternal age is a risk factor
46,XX or 46XY
first trimester bleeding, symptoms of preeclampsia
excessive elevation of HCG > Hyperthyroidism
greater risk of malignancy
Completeley paternal in origin
15-20% chance of malignancy
complete mole
Benign tumor of the chorionic villus resulting from abnormal fertilization of an ovum, characterized by proliferation of trophoblastic cells
Hydatiform mole
Results from fertilization of a normal ovum by 2 sperm, triploid chromosomes (69,XXY,XXX, XYY) - both maternal and paternal in origin, some identifiable fetal parts present
more rare, elevations in HCG
Rarely malignant
incomplete mole
Most common cause of bloody nipple discharge in patient <50 y/o
double layered epitheliual cells overlying myoepithelial layer within lactiferous duct or sinus
Intraductal papilloma
Most common fibrocystic change, increase in fibrous stroma a/w dilation of ducts, formation of cysts w/o hyperplasia; can calcify & appear radiodense
non-proliferative, cysts and fibrosis
most common benign tumor of breast in women <25 y/o; caused by increase in estrogen; firm, solitary, discrete movable mass
Fibroadenoma
Arises from intralobular stroma (rarely from pre-existing fibroadenoma) - can grow to a massive size; leaf-like clefts; no ductal invasion, no bleeding
15% are malignant, <15% metastasize
phyllodes
Usually arises from the major ducts, non-palpable, commonly w/ microcalcifications, 1/3 will eventually invade, lumpectomy
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
Involves terminal lobular unit; non-palapable; signet rings are common; usually estrogen & progesterone +, 1/3 cases invade, 50-75% increase risk of cx in oppo breast
Lobular Carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma: young, better prognosis, a/w BRAC1; sheet-like growth w/ no alveolar ducts or alveolar pattern
lack estrogen/ progesterone receptors
medullary
Invastive ductal tubules
well-formed tubules
young, better prognosis
estrogen/ progesterone +
Tubular
