PATHOLOGY EXAM 3 Flashcards
What color is bilirubin?
Yellow green
HOW CAN YOU ALTER DNA?
SPONTANEOUS
IONIZING RADITION AND UVB
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
ONCOGENIC VIRUSES
MONOPHASIC DEGENERATION
ALL CELLS LOOK THE SAME
TRAUMA
EXERTION/CAPTURE
SINGLE TOXIN EXPOSURE
Breeds prone to reactive systemic amyloidosis
Sharpeis and abyssynian cats
Rhabdomyomas or sarcomas are neoplasms of skeletal muscle derived from what
Multipotent stem cells
Tumors of glands
Adeno-
Intramuscular hemorrhage
Trauma, rodenticide, penetrating wounds, fracture
Processing of hemoglobin to bilirubin to excretion
Hemoglobin… heme… bilirubin..blood..liver…bile…excreted in feces
Tumors derived from more that one lineage
Example ovarian teratoma
Name the three pigments/ tissue deposits found in skeletal muscle
Lipofuscin, dystrophic calcification (fault of tissue itself), exogenous pigments
Malignant growth of oral mucosa
Oral papillocarcinoma
Tumors of melanocytes
Benign melanocytoma
Malignant melanoma
Leukemia
Circulating neoplastic blood cells
Muscle infarction
Lack of blood supply to the muscle
Where can amyloid be found?
- Endocrine - accumulation in islets of pancreas
- Plasma cell tumor
- Reactive systemic amyloidosis result of chronic inflammation… accumulation in kidneys, liver, spleen, and LN
Malignancy of lung alveoli
Pulmonary carcinoma
PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES CAN CAUSE
CACHEXIA, HYPERCALCEMIA, HYPOGLYCEMIA, SKELETAL VASCULAR NEUROLOGIC AND CUTANEOUS EFFECTS
Malignant growth of perianal gland
Perianal adenocarcinoma
PARNEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES
INDIRECT AND USUALLY REMOTE EFFECTS CAUSED BY TUMOR CELL PRODUCTS RATHER THAN THE PRIMARY TUMOR AND ITS METASTASIS
Cellular criteria of malignancy
Poor differentiation, anaplasia/atypia, pleiomorphic- cells variable in appearance, anisokaryosis- variation in cell size and nucleus size, nuclear hyperchromasia- increase in color and purple ness, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, prominent multiple nucleoli, multiple nuclei, abnormal MITOTIC figures
Malignancy of bile duct cholangiocytes
Cholangiocarcinoma
MDX for neoplasm
Location/organ + prefix- tissue of origin + suffix- benign or malignant (oma, sarcoma mesenchymal carcincoma epithelial)
Ectopic development
Development in abnormal location
Atrophy in skeletal muscle
Disuse and aging- symmetrical and systemic
CACHEXIA and malnutrition- symmetrical and systemic
Endocrine Disease- symmetrical and systemic
Denervation- unilateral
Cyst
Fluid filled pocket surrounded by epithelium
HISTO FINDINGS OF DEGENERATION AND NECROSIS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE
NO STRIATIONS, BREAKDOWN OF SARCOPLASM, SWELLING, HYPEREOSINOPHILIC-BRIGHT PINK, CENTRALIZATION OF NUCLEI, CALCIFICATION
Example of self sufficient growth in neoplasia
CKIT in mast cell tumors
Tyrosine kinase activated all the time, production of growth factors, receptors for growth factors, proteins allow entry into cell cycle
Malignancy of endothelial cells in liver
Hepatic hemangiosarcoma
Trichinella
Only see eosinophilic inflammation if worms die
GENOTOXIC CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN
DIRECT DAMAGE TO DNA
POLYPHASIC MUSCLE DEGENERATION DUE TO
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY- VITE/SELENIUM- WHITE MM DZ
ONGOING TOXICITY
GENETIC DEFECT
Malignant tumor of muscular wall of intestines
Intestinal lyomyosarcoma
Calcinosis cutis
Widespread mineralization of dermal collagen and epidermal basement membrane
Cushings Disease hyperadrenocorticism
Hemosiderin
Brown yellow
Due to RBCS turnover and breakdown
Malignancy of prostate
Prostatic adenocarcinoma
Lymphatic spread
Pattern dictated by lymphoid drainage
Carcinomas
Widespread hemosiderin pigmentation
Hemolysis
Inherited fe disorders
Benign growth of mandible
Mandibular osteoma
Malignant growth of maxilla
Maxillary osteosarcoma
What is amyloid?
Stacked beta pleated sheets that compress adjacent tissues within extracellular space
Can be made of different monomers
Leads to atrophy
Myocyte hypertrophy
Exercise conditioning
Compensation.. decrease in size of functional myocytes increases workload of remaining cells
Polydactyly, polymelia
Extra digits, extra limbs
Carbon deposits
Anthracosis
Deposits in lungs due to inhalation
Melanin
Black brown fine granules
MITOGENIC CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
INCREASES CELL PROLIFERATION WITHOUT CELL INJURY
ROUND CELL TUMORS
PLASMA CELL TUMOR, HISTIOCYTOMA, MAST CELL TUMOR, LYMPHOMA
Malignant tumor of lining of bladder
Bladder urothelial carcinoma
Benign growth of oral mucosa
Oral or mucocutaneous papilloma
Compartment syndrome
In mm tightly wrapped in fascia.. muscle swells with use but is confined..impedes blood supply…ischemia.. infarction
EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
AFLATOXIN
BRACKEN FERN
CYTOTOXIC CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
INCREASE CELL PROLIFERATION DUE TO CELL INJURY
CRITERIA FOR MALIGNANCY
DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIATION
INVASION
MITOTIC RATE
ANAPLASIA
Both intravascular and extravascular mechanisms can lead to hyperbilirubinemia t/f
True
Pituitary cyst causes…
Dwarfism
Cushings Disease
Endocrine Disease- thinning hair coat, potbelly, CACHEXIA
Malignant tumor of kidney tubule
Renal adenocarcinoma
Clinical evaluation of hyperbilirubinemia
- CBC- decreased RBCS and anemia = prehepatic
- Blood chemistry- increased liver enzymes= hepatic or posthepatic
- Dx imaging= hepatic or post hepatic
- UA- blood in urine= prehepatic
MECHANISMS OF NEOPLASIA
MUTATIONS- CHANGES IN NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE
CHROMOSOME ALTERATIONS
EPIGENETIC CHANGES- CHANGE IN GENE EXPRESSION BUT NOT IN NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE
Tumors derived from osteoblasts
Osteo-
Malignant growth of spleen
Splenic hemangiosarcoma
GRANULOMATOUS MYOSITIS
MACROPHAGES, FUNGUS, MYCOBACTERIUM
RARE
Insensitivity to growth inhibition signaling in neoplasia
Need two recessive mutations in tumor suppressor gene
When tumor suppressor gene absent cells become insensitive and continually divide
Example P53
NECROTIC/HEMORRHAGIC MYOSITIS
CLOSTRIDIUM CHAUVEI “BLACK LEG” ,C. SEPTICUM
Tumor derived of lymphocytes
Lymphoma no such thing as benign
Posthepatic hyperbilirubinemia
Most severe
Reflux of conjugated bilirubin in blood
Biliary rupture or obstruction and cholestasis
Sarcocystis
Do not see eosinophilic inflammation
POLYMYOSITIS
INFLAMMATION OF MUSCLE THROUGHOUT THE BODY
Erythropoietic poryphria
Lack of enzyme for heme synthesis
Porphyrin in dentin and bone
Porphyrin is pink and fluoresces in UV light
Tophi
Granulomatous inflammation surrounding uric acid deposits
ACQUIRED SOMATIC MUTATIONS
OCCUR IN INDIVIDUAL CELLS AND PROGENY
ACCUMULATION OVER TIME
Ectopic chordis
Heart develops outside the thoracic cavity
Why is my urine red?
Hemoglobin- serum will be red/ pink
RBCS use urine sedimentation to identify
Myoglobin- serum is clear
PREDISPOSED BREEDS TO HISTIOCYTIC SARCOMA
BERNSE MOUNTAIN DOG, FLAT COATED RETRIEVER
Hematogenous spread
Uses vascular system
Sarcomas
Veins >arteries
Malignant Tumor of lining of intestines
Intestinal adenocarcinoma
DEGENERATION AND NECROSIS OF SKELETAL MM GROSS FINDINGS
PALE, DRY, FRIABLE, REPLACEMENT OF STRIATIONS WITH FAT
Normal triggers or apoptosis
DNA damage, nutrient loss, lack of growth factors, binding of death factors ie TNF, cytotic lymphocytes
IN CANCER CACHEXIA, METABOLISM DECREASES T/F
FALSE METABOLISM DOES NOT CHANGE
Skin + tumor from fibroblasts
Cutaneous fibroma
Vascular endothelium
Hemangio-
Tumors derived from keratinocytes
Papillo-
Gross appearance of hyperbilirubinemia
Icterus and jaundice in intima of blood vessels, sclera of eye, mucous membranes
Organotrophism
Bone metastasis from prostate and mammary carcinoma
Metastasis to digits pulmonary carcinoma in cats
Invading cells must ..
Overcome passive growth pressure, loss of contact inhibition
Loosen cell junctions
Penetrate basement membrane
Migrate actively
GRADING CRITERIA
DEGREE OF DIFFERENTITATION
MITOTIC RATE
AMOUNT OF NECROSIS
INVASIVENESS
VIMENTIN AND CYTOKERATIN
VIMENTIN EXPRESSED BY SARCOMA
CYTOKERATIN EXPRESSED BY CARCINOMA
IHC- FLUORESCENT STAINING
Myasthenia gravis
Biochemical process that impacts muscle
Causes flaccid paralysis
Prevents acetylcholine from binding to receptor
Dystrophic calcification
Local deposition in area of injury
ONCOGENIC VIRUSES
FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS
BOVINE LEUKOSIS VIRUS
PAPILLOMAVIRUS
MAREKS DISEASE
Double muscling
Developmental anomaly
Increase in number of myocytes
SOMATIC MUTATIONS ARE SPONTANEOUS WHY ARENT THEY ALL NEOPLASTIC?
DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS
MUTATIONS LETHAL TO CELL USUALLY UNDERGO APOPTOSIS
MULTIPLE MUTATIONS NEEDED FOR CANCER
NEOPLASIA RESULTS FROM
HERITABLE CHANGES FROM CELL TO CELL
Laryngeal paralysis
Damage to left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Flea allergy dermatitis
Hypermelanosis or hyperpigmentation
Metastatic calcification
Widespread deposition in otherwise normal tissue
Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia
Accelerated hemolysis overwhelms the liver
Black kidneys
Neonatal isoerythrolysis in foals- igg in colostrum attacks foals RBCS
Malignancy of hepatocytes
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Splay leg or swimmers syndrome
Disorder of growth called myofibular hypoplasia Usually resolved on its own Genetic predisposition Primary spinal or neuromuscular disease Underlying infection Overfeeding
MALIGNANT HYPOTHERMIA- PORCINE STRESS SYNDROME
METABOLIC PREDISPOSITION
EXERCISE INTOLERANCE, MM WEAKNESS, ATROPHY, JOINT CONTRACTURES, ANGULAR DEFORMITIES, EXCESSIVE DROOLING, PROBLEMS EATING
POLYPHASIC
Neoplasms often have mutations that result in…
Deficient dna repair
Self sufficient growth signals
Insensitivity to growth inhibition
Evasion of apoptosis
Defective dna repair mechanisms of neoplasia
Abnormal cell checkpoints
Abnormal responses to dna damage
Leads to genetic instability, mutations to next generation, accumulation leads to neoplasia
Mast cell tumor
Grade I,II, III
Lower grade less malignant
EOSINOPHILIC MYOSITIS
PROTOZOL/PARASITIC, IMMUNE MEDIATED (GREEN TISSUE TINGE)
Meningeal melanosis
Incidental finding
ASYMPTOMATIC developmental anomaly
HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOPATHY
PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME
PERIOSTEAL NEW GROWTH
LAMENESS UPON PRESENTATION
Parasite deposits
Colangitis = fluke exhaust
Parasitic hematin
Pseudomelanosis
Post mortem bacterial breakdown producing H2S
Local hemosiderin pigmentation
Chronic congestion- volvulus, turnover
Hemorrhage - bruise
Multiple myeloma
Malignant tumor of plasma cells
LYMPHOCYTIC MYOSYTIS
IMMUNE MEDIATED INFLAMMATION
SOURCE OF NEOPLASIA
GERMLINE OR SOMATIC CELL MUTATION
Evasion of apoptosis of neoplasia
Malignant cells evade better than benign
Mutations dominant or recessive
Example- overexpression of bcl2 reduces apoptosis
Mannosidosis
Lysosomal storage Disease.. lack of enzyme leads to accumulation of substances that cause swelling of the neurons
Lysosomal storage Disease is round in what type of cells..
Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, neurons
Transcoelemic spread
Spread across body cavities or surfaces
Easiest method of spread
Mesothelioma, ovarian adenocarcinoma
Generally fatal
Stain amyloid with what ?
Congo red
Benign growth dermis of skin
Cutaneous/dermal hemangioma
Uric acid deposit
From breakdown of nucleic acids
Causes gout= accumulation within tissues
Chalky white foci
SUPPURATIVE MYOSITIS
NEUTROPHILS, PYOGENIC BACTERIA (T. PYOROGENES)
Hepatic bilirubinemia
Slowest onset Hepatic insufficiency, damage, Disease 1. Decreased bilirubin 2. Decreased conjugation 3. Decreased secretion in bile
Hyperbilirubinemia
Too much bilirubin in blood
PREDISPOSED BREED TO MAST CELL TUMOR
BOXER, BULL DOG, RETRIEVER
MYOSITIS
MUSCLE INFLAMMATION
Amyloid gross appearance
Enlarged, firm, waxy
Does not cause inflammation
Self sufficient growth signals of neoplasia
Dominant single mutation of protooncogene leads to oncogene expression
Oncogene produces similar products but constitutive expression results in uncontrolled proliferation
Neoplasia
Uncontrolled growth
Unregulated proliferation
Irreversible
CONGENTIAL NEOPLASIA
OLDER PARENTS, IN EGG OR SPERM, IN UTERO
EXAMPLES- NEPHROBLASTOMA AND PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA
Biochemical process that impacts muscle
No pathology!
Botulism
Prevents release of acetylcholine
You can use fat to assess jaundice in livestock t/f
False especially in livestock just no
DEGENERATION AND NECROSIS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE MDX
RHABDOMYOSIS
MYONECROSIS
ZENKERS NECROSIS
SKELETAL MUSCLE DEGENERATION AND NECROSIS
Carentoid pigment
Yellow pigment
VitA accumulation in fatty tissues
Lipofuscin
Fine golden granule
From organelle breakdown
Wear and tear
Long lived cells- neurons, cardiac, skeletal muscle
To determine rhabdomyomas histologically
Nuclear rowing, strap cells, cross STRIATIONS with Ptah staining, ihc of myoglobin or desmin to identify muscle tissue
white muscle disease is caused by
nutritional deficiency of selenium and vitamin E
