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SG 3 PATHOLOGY > PATHOLOGY EXAM 3 > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What color is bilirubin?

A

Yellow green

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2
Q

HOW CAN YOU ALTER DNA?

A

SPONTANEOUS
IONIZING RADITION AND UVB
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
ONCOGENIC VIRUSES

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3
Q

MONOPHASIC DEGENERATION

A

ALL CELLS LOOK THE SAME

TRAUMA
EXERTION/CAPTURE
SINGLE TOXIN EXPOSURE

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4
Q

Breeds prone to reactive systemic amyloidosis

A

Sharpeis and abyssynian cats

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5
Q

Rhabdomyomas or sarcomas are neoplasms of skeletal muscle derived from what

A

Multipotent stem cells

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6
Q

Tumors of glands

A

Adeno-

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7
Q

Intramuscular hemorrhage

A

Trauma, rodenticide, penetrating wounds, fracture

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8
Q

Processing of hemoglobin to bilirubin to excretion

A

Hemoglobin… heme… bilirubin..blood..liver…bile…excreted in feces

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9
Q

Tumors derived from more that one lineage

A

Example ovarian teratoma

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10
Q

Name the three pigments/ tissue deposits found in skeletal muscle

A

Lipofuscin, dystrophic calcification (fault of tissue itself), exogenous pigments

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11
Q

Malignant growth of oral mucosa

A

Oral papillocarcinoma

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12
Q

Tumors of melanocytes

A

Benign melanocytoma

Malignant melanoma

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13
Q

Leukemia

A

Circulating neoplastic blood cells

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14
Q

Muscle infarction

A

Lack of blood supply to the muscle

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15
Q

Where can amyloid be found?

A
  1. Endocrine - accumulation in islets of pancreas
  2. Plasma cell tumor
  3. Reactive systemic amyloidosis result of chronic inflammation… accumulation in kidneys, liver, spleen, and LN
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16
Q

Malignancy of lung alveoli

A

Pulmonary carcinoma

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17
Q

PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES CAN CAUSE

A

CACHEXIA, HYPERCALCEMIA, HYPOGLYCEMIA, SKELETAL VASCULAR NEUROLOGIC AND CUTANEOUS EFFECTS

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18
Q

Malignant growth of perianal gland

A

Perianal adenocarcinoma

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19
Q

PARNEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES

A

INDIRECT AND USUALLY REMOTE EFFECTS CAUSED BY TUMOR CELL PRODUCTS RATHER THAN THE PRIMARY TUMOR AND ITS METASTASIS

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20
Q

Cellular criteria of malignancy

A

Poor differentiation, anaplasia/atypia, pleiomorphic- cells variable in appearance, anisokaryosis- variation in cell size and nucleus size, nuclear hyperchromasia- increase in color and purple ness, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, prominent multiple nucleoli, multiple nuclei, abnormal MITOTIC figures

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21
Q

Malignancy of bile duct cholangiocytes

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

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22
Q

MDX for neoplasm

A

Location/organ + prefix- tissue of origin + suffix- benign or malignant (oma, sarcoma mesenchymal carcincoma epithelial)

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23
Q

Ectopic development

A

Development in abnormal location

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24
Q

Atrophy in skeletal muscle

A

Disuse and aging- symmetrical and systemic
CACHEXIA and malnutrition- symmetrical and systemic
Endocrine Disease- symmetrical and systemic
Denervation- unilateral

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25
Q

Cyst

A

Fluid filled pocket surrounded by epithelium

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26
Q

HISTO FINDINGS OF DEGENERATION AND NECROSIS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE

A

NO STRIATIONS, BREAKDOWN OF SARCOPLASM, SWELLING, HYPEREOSINOPHILIC-BRIGHT PINK, CENTRALIZATION OF NUCLEI, CALCIFICATION

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27
Q

Example of self sufficient growth in neoplasia

A

CKIT in mast cell tumors

Tyrosine kinase activated all the time, production of growth factors, receptors for growth factors, proteins allow entry into cell cycle

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28
Q

Malignancy of endothelial cells in liver

A

Hepatic hemangiosarcoma

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29
Q

Trichinella

A

Only see eosinophilic inflammation if worms die

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30
Q

GENOTOXIC CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN

A

DIRECT DAMAGE TO DNA

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31
Q

POLYPHASIC MUSCLE DEGENERATION DUE TO

A

NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY- VITE/SELENIUM- WHITE MM DZ
ONGOING TOXICITY
GENETIC DEFECT

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32
Q

Malignant tumor of muscular wall of intestines

A

Intestinal lyomyosarcoma

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33
Q

Calcinosis cutis

A

Widespread mineralization of dermal collagen and epidermal basement membrane

Cushings Disease hyperadrenocorticism

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34
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Brown yellow

Due to RBCS turnover and breakdown

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35
Q

Malignancy of prostate

A

Prostatic adenocarcinoma

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36
Q

Lymphatic spread

A

Pattern dictated by lymphoid drainage

Carcinomas

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37
Q

Widespread hemosiderin pigmentation

A

Hemolysis

Inherited fe disorders

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38
Q

Benign growth of mandible

A

Mandibular osteoma

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39
Q

Malignant growth of maxilla

A

Maxillary osteosarcoma

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40
Q

What is amyloid?

A

Stacked beta pleated sheets that compress adjacent tissues within extracellular space

Can be made of different monomers

Leads to atrophy

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41
Q

Myocyte hypertrophy

A

Exercise conditioning

Compensation.. decrease in size of functional myocytes increases workload of remaining cells

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42
Q

Polydactyly, polymelia

A

Extra digits, extra limbs

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43
Q

Carbon deposits

A

Anthracosis

Deposits in lungs due to inhalation

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44
Q

Melanin

A

Black brown fine granules

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45
Q

MITOGENIC CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS

A

INCREASES CELL PROLIFERATION WITHOUT CELL INJURY

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46
Q

ROUND CELL TUMORS

A

PLASMA CELL TUMOR, HISTIOCYTOMA, MAST CELL TUMOR, LYMPHOMA

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47
Q

Malignant tumor of lining of bladder

A

Bladder urothelial carcinoma

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48
Q

Benign growth of oral mucosa

A

Oral or mucocutaneous papilloma

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49
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

In mm tightly wrapped in fascia.. muscle swells with use but is confined..impedes blood supply…ischemia.. infarction

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50
Q

EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS

A

AFLATOXIN

BRACKEN FERN

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51
Q

CYTOTOXIC CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS

A

INCREASE CELL PROLIFERATION DUE TO CELL INJURY

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52
Q

CRITERIA FOR MALIGNANCY

A

DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIATION
INVASION
MITOTIC RATE
ANAPLASIA

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53
Q

Both intravascular and extravascular mechanisms can lead to hyperbilirubinemia t/f

A

True

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54
Q

Pituitary cyst causes…

A

Dwarfism

55
Q

Cushings Disease

A

Endocrine Disease- thinning hair coat, potbelly, CACHEXIA

56
Q

Malignant tumor of kidney tubule

A

Renal adenocarcinoma

57
Q

Clinical evaluation of hyperbilirubinemia

A
  1. CBC- decreased RBCS and anemia = prehepatic
  2. Blood chemistry- increased liver enzymes= hepatic or posthepatic
  3. Dx imaging= hepatic or post hepatic
  4. UA- blood in urine= prehepatic
58
Q

MECHANISMS OF NEOPLASIA

A

MUTATIONS- CHANGES IN NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE
CHROMOSOME ALTERATIONS
EPIGENETIC CHANGES- CHANGE IN GENE EXPRESSION BUT NOT IN NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE

59
Q

Tumors derived from osteoblasts

A

Osteo-

60
Q

Malignant growth of spleen

A

Splenic hemangiosarcoma

61
Q

GRANULOMATOUS MYOSITIS

A

MACROPHAGES, FUNGUS, MYCOBACTERIUM

RARE

62
Q

Insensitivity to growth inhibition signaling in neoplasia

A

Need two recessive mutations in tumor suppressor gene

When tumor suppressor gene absent cells become insensitive and continually divide

Example P53

63
Q

NECROTIC/HEMORRHAGIC MYOSITIS

A

CLOSTRIDIUM CHAUVEI “BLACK LEG” ,C. SEPTICUM

64
Q

Tumor derived of lymphocytes

A

Lymphoma no such thing as benign

65
Q

Posthepatic hyperbilirubinemia

A

Most severe
Reflux of conjugated bilirubin in blood
Biliary rupture or obstruction and cholestasis

66
Q

Sarcocystis

A

Do not see eosinophilic inflammation

67
Q

POLYMYOSITIS

A

INFLAMMATION OF MUSCLE THROUGHOUT THE BODY

68
Q

Erythropoietic poryphria

A

Lack of enzyme for heme synthesis
Porphyrin in dentin and bone
Porphyrin is pink and fluoresces in UV light

69
Q

Tophi

A

Granulomatous inflammation surrounding uric acid deposits

70
Q

ACQUIRED SOMATIC MUTATIONS

A

OCCUR IN INDIVIDUAL CELLS AND PROGENY

ACCUMULATION OVER TIME

71
Q

Ectopic chordis

A

Heart develops outside the thoracic cavity

72
Q

Why is my urine red?

A

Hemoglobin- serum will be red/ pink
RBCS use urine sedimentation to identify
Myoglobin- serum is clear

73
Q

PREDISPOSED BREEDS TO HISTIOCYTIC SARCOMA

A

BERNSE MOUNTAIN DOG, FLAT COATED RETRIEVER

74
Q

Hematogenous spread

A

Uses vascular system
Sarcomas
Veins >arteries

75
Q

Malignant Tumor of lining of intestines

A

Intestinal adenocarcinoma

76
Q

DEGENERATION AND NECROSIS OF SKELETAL MM GROSS FINDINGS

A

PALE, DRY, FRIABLE, REPLACEMENT OF STRIATIONS WITH FAT

77
Q

Normal triggers or apoptosis

A

DNA damage, nutrient loss, lack of growth factors, binding of death factors ie TNF, cytotic lymphocytes

78
Q

IN CANCER CACHEXIA, METABOLISM DECREASES T/F

A

FALSE METABOLISM DOES NOT CHANGE

79
Q

Skin + tumor from fibroblasts

A

Cutaneous fibroma

80
Q

Vascular endothelium

A

Hemangio-

81
Q

Tumors derived from keratinocytes

A

Papillo-

82
Q

Gross appearance of hyperbilirubinemia

A

Icterus and jaundice in intima of blood vessels, sclera of eye, mucous membranes

83
Q

Organotrophism

A

Bone metastasis from prostate and mammary carcinoma

Metastasis to digits pulmonary carcinoma in cats

84
Q

Invading cells must ..

A

Overcome passive growth pressure, loss of contact inhibition
Loosen cell junctions
Penetrate basement membrane
Migrate actively

85
Q

GRADING CRITERIA

A

DEGREE OF DIFFERENTITATION
MITOTIC RATE
AMOUNT OF NECROSIS
INVASIVENESS

86
Q

VIMENTIN AND CYTOKERATIN

A

VIMENTIN EXPRESSED BY SARCOMA
CYTOKERATIN EXPRESSED BY CARCINOMA

IHC- FLUORESCENT STAINING

87
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Biochemical process that impacts muscle
Causes flaccid paralysis
Prevents acetylcholine from binding to receptor

88
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

Local deposition in area of injury

89
Q

ONCOGENIC VIRUSES

A

FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS
BOVINE LEUKOSIS VIRUS
PAPILLOMAVIRUS
MAREKS DISEASE

90
Q

Double muscling

A

Developmental anomaly

Increase in number of myocytes

91
Q

SOMATIC MUTATIONS ARE SPONTANEOUS WHY ARENT THEY ALL NEOPLASTIC?

A

DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS
MUTATIONS LETHAL TO CELL USUALLY UNDERGO APOPTOSIS
MULTIPLE MUTATIONS NEEDED FOR CANCER

92
Q

NEOPLASIA RESULTS FROM

A

HERITABLE CHANGES FROM CELL TO CELL

93
Q

Laryngeal paralysis

A

Damage to left recurrent laryngeal nerve

94
Q

Flea allergy dermatitis

A

Hypermelanosis or hyperpigmentation

95
Q

Metastatic calcification

A

Widespread deposition in otherwise normal tissue

96
Q

Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia

A

Accelerated hemolysis overwhelms the liver

Black kidneys

Neonatal isoerythrolysis in foals- igg in colostrum attacks foals RBCS

97
Q

Malignancy of hepatocytes

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

98
Q

Splay leg or swimmers syndrome

A 
Disorder of growth called myofibular hypoplasia 
Usually resolved on its own 
Genetic predisposition 
Primary spinal or neuromuscular disease 
Underlying infection
Overfeeding
99
Q

MALIGNANT HYPOTHERMIA- PORCINE STRESS SYNDROME

A

METABOLIC PREDISPOSITION
EXERCISE INTOLERANCE, MM WEAKNESS, ATROPHY, JOINT CONTRACTURES, ANGULAR DEFORMITIES, EXCESSIVE DROOLING, PROBLEMS EATING
POLYPHASIC

100
Q

Neoplasms often have mutations that result in…

A

Deficient dna repair
Self sufficient growth signals
Insensitivity to growth inhibition
Evasion of apoptosis

101
Q

Defective dna repair mechanisms of neoplasia

A

Abnormal cell checkpoints
Abnormal responses to dna damage

Leads to genetic instability, mutations to next generation, accumulation leads to neoplasia

102
Q

Mast cell tumor

A

Grade I,II, III

Lower grade less malignant

103
Q

EOSINOPHILIC MYOSITIS

A

PROTOZOL/PARASITIC, IMMUNE MEDIATED (GREEN TISSUE TINGE)

104
Q

Meningeal melanosis

A

Incidental finding

ASYMPTOMATIC developmental anomaly

105
Q

HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOPATHY

A

PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME
PERIOSTEAL NEW GROWTH
LAMENESS UPON PRESENTATION

106
Q

Parasite deposits

A

Colangitis = fluke exhaust

Parasitic hematin

107
Q

Pseudomelanosis

A

Post mortem bacterial breakdown producing H2S

108
Q

Local hemosiderin pigmentation

A

Chronic congestion- volvulus, turnover

Hemorrhage - bruise

109
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Malignant tumor of plasma cells

110
Q

LYMPHOCYTIC MYOSYTIS

A

IMMUNE MEDIATED INFLAMMATION

111
Q

SOURCE OF NEOPLASIA

A

GERMLINE OR SOMATIC CELL MUTATION

112
Q

Evasion of apoptosis of neoplasia

A

Malignant cells evade better than benign
Mutations dominant or recessive

Example- overexpression of bcl2 reduces apoptosis

113
Q

Mannosidosis

A

Lysosomal storage Disease.. lack of enzyme leads to accumulation of substances that cause swelling of the neurons

114
Q

Lysosomal storage Disease is round in what type of cells..

A

Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, neurons

115
Q

Transcoelemic spread

A

Spread across body cavities or surfaces
Easiest method of spread
Mesothelioma, ovarian adenocarcinoma
Generally fatal

116
Q

Stain amyloid with what ?

A

Congo red

117
Q

Benign growth dermis of skin

A

Cutaneous/dermal hemangioma

118
Q

Uric acid deposit

A

From breakdown of nucleic acids

Causes gout= accumulation within tissues

Chalky white foci

119
Q

SUPPURATIVE MYOSITIS

A

NEUTROPHILS, PYOGENIC BACTERIA (T. PYOROGENES)

120
Q

Hepatic bilirubinemia

A 
Slowest onset 
Hepatic insufficiency, damage, Disease 
1. Decreased bilirubin 
2. Decreased conjugation
3. Decreased secretion in bile
121
Q

Hyperbilirubinemia

A

Too much bilirubin in blood

122
Q

PREDISPOSED BREED TO MAST CELL TUMOR

A

BOXER, BULL DOG, RETRIEVER

123
Q

MYOSITIS

A

MUSCLE INFLAMMATION

124
Q

Amyloid gross appearance

A

Enlarged, firm, waxy

Does not cause inflammation

125
Q

Self sufficient growth signals of neoplasia

A

Dominant single mutation of protooncogene leads to oncogene expression

Oncogene produces similar products but constitutive expression results in uncontrolled proliferation

126
Q

Neoplasia

A

Uncontrolled growth
Unregulated proliferation
Irreversible

127
Q

CONGENTIAL NEOPLASIA

A

OLDER PARENTS, IN EGG OR SPERM, IN UTERO

EXAMPLES- NEPHROBLASTOMA AND PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA

128
Q

Biochemical process that impacts muscle

A

No pathology!
Botulism
Prevents release of acetylcholine

129
Q

You can use fat to assess jaundice in livestock t/f

A

False especially in livestock just no

130
Q

DEGENERATION AND NECROSIS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE MDX

A

RHABDOMYOSIS
MYONECROSIS
ZENKERS NECROSIS
SKELETAL MUSCLE DEGENERATION AND NECROSIS

131
Q

Carentoid pigment

A

Yellow pigment

VitA accumulation in fatty tissues

132
Q

Lipofuscin

A

Fine golden granule
From organelle breakdown
Wear and tear
Long lived cells- neurons, cardiac, skeletal muscle

133
Q

To determine rhabdomyomas histologically

A

Nuclear rowing, strap cells, cross STRIATIONS with Ptah staining, ihc of myoglobin or desmin to identify muscle tissue

134
Q

white muscle disease is caused by

A

nutritional deficiency of selenium and vitamin E

SG 3 PATHOLOGY (6 decks)

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