pathology, cell injury and death

Question 1

reversible injury

Answer 1

Stimulus produces minimal cell damage and cell recovers after removal of stimulus. Causes swelling of mitochondria but preservation of cristae. RER ribosomes detach. May see pale cytoplasm and vacuoles of water or lipids in the cell.

Assc with: Failure of ATPase (influx of Na, Ca, and water, efflux of K), pH decreases, decreased protein synth, decreased glycogen

Ex: fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis

Question 2

irreversible injury

Answer 2

stimulus produces significant cell damage, is prolonged or severe. Results in necrosis. Causes destruction of cristae, nucleus changes (smaller, chromatin breaking, gone). Denatured proteins cause cell to bind to dye better = darker pink.

Assc with severe DNA depletion and membrane damage leading to release of lysosomal enzymes into cytoplasm (denatures proteins and breaks down chromatin in nuc) and eventually into extracellular space (enzymatic digestion of surrounding tissue)

Question 3

ongoing processes if cell is dying

Answer 3

denaturation of proteins, enzymatic digestion of organelles

Question 4

pyknosis

Answer 4

condensation of chromatin into a small, dense nucleus. First nuclear change assc with cell death

Question 5

karyorrhexis

Answer 5

fragmentation of cell nucleus/chromatin breakdown, second nuclear change assc with cell death, occurs after pyknosis

Question 6

karyolysis

Answer 6

chromatin dissolves and nucleus absent from cell, final nuclear change assc with cell death

Question 7

coagulative necrosis

Answer 7

protein denaturation is greater than enzymatic digestion; seen in ischemia of heart, kidney, liver, spleen. NOT SEEN IN BRAIN.

can still see cell structure and tell what organ the tissue is from but nuclei gone

Question 8

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 8

dead tissue appears semi-liquid due to rapid loss of structure/architecture, enzymatic digestion of tissue is greater than protein denaturation

Assc with ischemia of brain, and severe bacterial infections (pus)

Question 9

caseous necrosis

Answer 9

dead tissue is soft/white = cream cheese, no original structure can be seen

assc with Tb

Question 10

enzymatic fat necrosis

Answer 10

foci of hard yellow material seen in dead adipose tissue around the pancreas, “saponification”;

assc with pancreatitis or alcohol toxicity
and high levels of amylase/lipase.

Question 11

fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 11

vasculitis, damages inner wall of arteries, results in fibrin deposited in the damaged necrotic vessel wall