Neoplasia and carcinogenesis Part I - Lecture 8/24/20

Question 1

Benign tumors

Answer 1

-oma suffix

Question 2

benign bone tumor

Answer 2

osteoma

Question 3

benign epithelial tumors

Answer 3

arise from ectoderm or endoderm, ex: adenoma - gland forming or arising from a gland

Question 4

benign tumors of connective tissue

Answer 4

arise from mesoderm ex: osteoma, chondroma, lipoma

Question 5

stroma

Answer 5

supporting framework of a tumor, determines the consistency of the tumor. Scant stroma = fleshy tumor; desmoplasia or sclerosis = hard tumor

Question 6

polyp

Answer 6

tumor protruding into the lumen of a mucosal lined organ

Question 7

papilloma

Answer 7

tumor with papillary histological structure, called a papilloma regardless of tumor site

Question 8

carcinomas

Answer 8

malignant epithelial tumor, sub classified based on histology, e.g. adenocarcinoma - tumor forming glands; squamous cell carcinoma - tumor forming squamous pearls; transitional cell carcinoma - resembling urothelium

Question 9

sarcoma

Answer 9

malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin

Question 10

pleomorphic/mixed tumors

Answer 10

divergent differentiation from a single cell line, variation in size and shape, hyperchromasia (signs point to malignancy)

Question 11

pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland

Answer 11

a common benign salivary gland neoplasm with divergent differentiation from a single cell line, composed of epithelial and myoepithelial cells as well as chondromyxoid stroma

Question 12

teratoma (dermoid cyst)

Answer 12

tumor composed of elements from all 3 germ cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). Found in the ovaries and testes. (can have teeth or hair inside the tumor!)

Question 13

choristoma

Answer 13

normal tissue in an abnormal location, i.e. adrenal rest under kidney capsule, normal pancreas in small intestine or stomach

Question 14

hamartoma

Answer 14

mass of disorganized but mature and differentiated structures indigenous to that site, ex: legion in lung composed of cartilage, vessels, and bronchial epithelium

Question 15

polyclonality

Answer 15

non-neoplastic proliferations arise from several precursor cells

Question 16

growth rate for tumors

Answer 16

corresponds to degree of differentiation, less differentiated = faster growth, benign - slow; malignant - variable; very anaplastic tumors grow fast

Question 17

anaplastic

Answer 17

lack of differentiation, grows fastest

Question 18

dysplasia

Answer 18

preneoplastic disordered growth, seen in epithelial lined structures; loss of normal orientation and maturation, all changes confined to epithelium and no breach of basement membrane

Question 19

local invasion

Answer 19

benign tumors do not invade surrounding tissue (grossly well circumscribed), malignant tumors invade surrounding tissue and have a grossly “infiltrative” appearance. **Most reliable feature next to metastasis that distinguishes benign from malignant

Question 20

metastasis

Answer 20

malignant, markedly reduces possibility of a cure, significantly increases morbidity and mortality

Question 21

dissemination of cancer

Answer 21

1. direct seeding of body cavities and surfaces, 2. lymphatic spread, 3. hematogenous spread

Question 22

monoclonality

Answer 22

tumors arise from a single precursor cell

Question 23

chronic inflammation and cancer

Answer 23

inflammation predisposes a patient to cancer via: production of cytokines to stimulate growth, may increase pool of tissue stem cells, may directly promote genomic instability by production of ROS