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Foundations of Medicine > Blood Histology and CBC lab > Flashcards

Blood Histology and CBC lab Flashcards

1
Q

manual differential

A

if CBC analyzer produces abnormal results, we count out 100 WBCs and report each cell type by its %

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2
Q

absolute WBC count

A

total WBC x % type of WBC

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3
Q

segmented neutrophils

A

WBC that usually makes up the highest % of WBC count - 40-75%; larger in size than RBC, segmented nucleus, finely granular cytoplasm

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4
Q

lymphocyte

A

WBC that usually makes up the second highest % of WBC count - 25-40%; closer in size to RBC, rounded blue nucleus with dense chromatin, very small amount of cytoplasm compared to other WBCs, cytoplasm looks blue

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5
Q

monocyte

A

WBC that usually makes up 2-14% of WBC count; larger than RBC, bean-shaped nucleus with fine chromatin, finely granular to smooth pale blue cytoplasm

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6
Q

eosinophil

A

WBC that usually makes up 0-5% of WBC count, larger than RBC, orangey granules throughout cytoplasm

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7
Q

basophil

A

WBC that usually makes up 0-1% of WBC count, larger than RBC, dark purple granules throughout cytoplasm, difficult to see nucleus due to granules

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8
Q

banded neutrophil

A

WBC one maturation stage prior to segmented neutrophil, nucleus is not segmented

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9
Q

leukopenia

A

decrease in WBC

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10
Q

leukocytosis

A

increase in WBC

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11
Q

granulocytopenia

A

decrease in all granulocytic cells

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12
Q

granulocytosis

A

increase in all granulocytic cells

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13
Q

neutropenia

A

decrease in neutrophils

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14
Q

neutrophilia

A

increase in neutrophils

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15
Q

left shift

A

increase in WBCs with increase in immature neutrophils.
Most commonly, this means that there is an infection or inflammation present and the bone marrow is producing more WBCs and releasing them into the blood before they are fully mature.

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16
Q

toxic granulation

A

seen in infections and other inflammatory conditions, dark and heavy granules seen in cytoplasm of neutrophils

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17
Q

Dohle bodies

A

seen in infections and other inflammatory conditions, these are light blue-gray, oval, cytoplasmic inclusions in leukocytes consisting of RNA remnants of rough endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

leukemoid reaction

A

highly elevated WBC and increase in immature WBCs, with left shift, which can mimic leukemia but is frequently seen in infections, drug or chemical toxicity and levels return to normal after treatment of the infection/poison

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19
Q

leukoerythroblastic blood smear

A

blood smear with left shift, nucleated RBCs, indicates disruption of bone marrow, often secondary to metastatic cancer

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20
Q

reactive or atypical lymphocytes

A

seen in viral infections, lymphocytes will be much larger than normal. Associated with infectious mononucleosis.

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21
Q

plasma cells

A

not normally seen in peripheral blood, seen in multiple myeloma

22
Q

acute leukemia

A

proliferation of immature or precursor cells, rapid clinical course if untreated

23
Q

chronic leukemia

A

proliferation of more mature cells, longer clinical course

24
Q

reticulocyte

A

stained immature red blood cells (phase before erythrocyte); a person with anemia will release more of these to make up for low RBC count. In peripheral blood, indicates the degree of effective bone marrow activity - for monitoring anemia and effectiveness of therapy.

25
Q

normocytic

A

classification for normal sized RBC - normally roughly the size of lymphocyte nucleus

26
Q

microcytic

A

classification for too small

27
Q

macrocytic

A

classification for too big

28
Q

normochromic

A

classification for normal amount of Hgb in cell

29
Q

hypochromic

A

classification for not enough Hgb in cell; visually, increased central pallor corresponds with decreased Hgb

30
Q

anisocytosis

A

patient has variation in size of their RBCs, results in increased RDW on cbc report

31
Q

poikylocytosis

A

patient has variation in their RBC shapes

32
Q

central pallor

A

normal red blood cells have an area of lighter coloring that makes up 1/3 to 1/2 the area of the cell

33
Q

decreased MCV

A

if RBC are microcytic, cbc will show this

34
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

type of anemia most often associated with microcytic hypochromic RBCs

35
Q

elevated MCV

A

if RBC are macrocytic, cbc will show this

36
Q

megaloblastic anemias (b12, folate deficiency)

A

type of anemia most often associated with macrocytic RBC, ovalocytes, and hypersegmented neutrophils with >5 lobes.

37
Q

RDW

A

measurement on CBC report that shows the range of variation of red blood cell volume, if this is high, there is high variation of cell sizes and thus the patient is in anisocytosis

38
Q

acanthocytes (spur cells)

A

RBCs with irregular, thorn-like projections caused by cholesterol depositing on the cell membrane. Seen in alcoholic liver disease, disorders of lipid metabolism

39
Q

echinocytes (burr cells)

A

RBCs with regular, spine-like projections, thought to result from increase in the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer as compared to the inner layer. Seen in liver disease, uremia, PK deficiency

40
Q

target cells

A

RBCs with central pallor with a red circle in the middle, caused by excess cell membrane. Often seen in liver disease, thalassemia, hemoglobinopathies

41
Q

tear drop cells

A

RBCs with teardrop shape, occur with bone marrow replacement

42
Q

schistocytes

A

red blood cell fragments often seen in microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, DIC, TTP

43
Q

spherocytes

A

RBCs with dense appearance with absence of central pallor, caused by defect in the RBC membrane

44
Q

sickle cells

A

crescent shaped RBCs that reflect the presence of Hgb S; substitution of valine for glutamate, causes sickle cell disease, S-C disease, sickle thalassemia

45
Q

nucleated RBCs

A

premature release of RBCs from bone marrow allows for these to be seen in peripheral blood, their appearance signifies bone marrow damage or stress and potentially serious underlying disease.

46
Q

Howell Jolly bodies

A

RBC inclusion: nuclear remnant of DNA. Seen in post-splenectomy patients, hemolytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia

47
Q

Rouleaux

A

RBCs stacked up like coins, caused by the presence of an abnormal protein (increased globulins). Associated with multiple myeloma

48
Q

agglutination

A

irregular clusters of RBCs, due to IgM antibodies against RBC antigens; idiopathic or secondary to infections

49
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

decrease in platelets

50
Q

thrombocytosis

A

increase in platelets

Foundations of Medicine (25 decks)

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