Pathology and Immunity Flashcards
- Neoplasia - Growth Disorders - Cell Injury
1
Q
3
What is the growth pattern of benign cells?
A
- expansion
- encapsulated
- localised
2
Q
3
What is the growth pattern for malignant cells?
A
- Invasion
- no capsule
- metastasis
3
Q
What is the growth rate of benign cells?
A
slow
4
Q
What is the growth rate of malignant cells?
A
Rapid but variable
5
Q
3
Clinical effects of benign tumours
A
- Lump/pressure/obstruction depending on site and size
- increase or decreas hormone secretion
- Treat by local incision
6
Q
3
Clinical effects of Malignant tumours
A
- local pressure, infiltration and destruction, distant metastases
- increase or decrease hormone secretion
- treat by local excision and chemo or radiotherapy if metastases present
7
Q
Epithelial Tumours
Papilloma
A
Squamous epithelium benign tumour
8
Q
Epithelial Tumours
Adenoma
A
Glandular epithelium benign tumour
9
Q
Epithelial Tumours
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A
Squamous epithelim malignant tumour
10
Q
Epithelial Tumours
Adenocarcinoma
A
Glandular epithelium malignant tumour
11
Q
CT Tumours
Leiomyoma
A
Smooth Muscle Bengin Tumour
12
Q
CT Tumours
Fibroma
A
Fibrous Benign Tumour
13
Q
CT Tumours
Osteoma
A
Bone Benign Tumour
14
Q
CT Tumours
Chondroma
A
Cartilage Benign Tumour
15
Q
CT Tumour
Lipoma
A
Fat Benign Tumour
16
Q
CT Tumour
Angioma
A
Blood Vessel Benign Tumour
17
Q
Sarcoma
A
Malgniant Tumour of Connective Tissue
18
Q
Exceptions
Which tumours are all malignant
A
Melanoma and Lymphoma
19
Q
What is dysplasia?
A
Change in growth of maturation of cell
20
Q
2 points
How is dysplasia identified?
A
- appearance
- arrangement
21
Q
What are the 4 steps of carcinogenesis
A
- intiation
- promotion
- progression
- latency period
22
Q
5
Give examples of chemical carcinogens
A
- smoking polycylic hydrocarbons
- diet
- drugs
- alcohol
- asbestos
23
Q
2
Give examples of physical carcinogens
A
- ionising radiation
- radiation sensitivity
24
Q
where cells are most rapidly renewed (7)
What is the most sensitive tissue to radiation to least sensitve
A
- embryonic tissues
- haematopoietic organs
- gonads
- epidermis
- intestinal mucous membranes
- CT
- muscle and nerve tissue
25
# 2
Which tumours does Epstein Barr Virus cause?
1. Burkitts lymphoma
2. nasopharyngeal carcinoma
26
Which tumour does Hep B/C cause?
hepatocellular carcinoma
27
Which tumour does HPV cause?
Cervical and oropharyngeal carcinoma
28
What are proto-oncogenes?
normal genes which regulate cell division
29
# Abnormal variant
What do oncogenes produce?
oncoproteins
30
# Anti oncogenes
Action of Tumour Supressor Genes
inhibition of cell division and decrease growth
31
What are the two main functions of TP53?
1. stops cell cycle to allow DNA repair
2. Apoptosis (P53 activation)
32
What are the 6 hallmarks to cancer?
1. Evading apoptosis
2. Self sufficiency in growth signals
3. Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
4. Tissue invasion and metastasis
5. Limitless replicative potential
6. Sustained angiogenesis
33
Define Metastisis
spread of malignant cells to digest organs forming secondary tumours
34
What are the 2 predictable patterns of spreads?
1. Lung to vocal nodes, liver, bone and brain
2. Tongue to neck nodes, later lung and spine
35
What are the 4 steps of the metastic cascade?
1. direct spread and invasiveness
2. Angiogenesis
3. Vascular invasion and spread
4. Establishament of new colony
36
Grading and Staging of Tumours
Grading: histopathology (biological nature of tumour)
Staging: Clinical (extent of spread)
37
Which cells are involved in the recognition of tumour cells?
Tumour Associated Antigens or Neoantigens
38
Ischaemia
Decreased blood supply to the tissue caused by blockage of arterial supply/venous drainage
39
What is Necrosis?
Cell death due to pathology
40
What is Apoptosis?
Genetically programmed cell death
| does not cause inflammation
41
# 5 points
What are pathological triggers of Apoptosis?
1. Hypoxia/Ischaemia
2. Viral infection
3. DNA damage
4. Caspases
5. Cell contents degraded by enzymes activated by the cell
42
What is Atherosclerosis?
Accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages and smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls
| Found at sites of haemorrhage and necrosis
43
What is Amyloid
Fibriular protein deposited due to pathologic processes
44
# Pathologic Calcification
What is dystrophic calcification?
Deposits of calcium phosphate in necrotic tissue
45
# Pathologic Calcification
What is Metastatic Calcification?
Deposits of calcium salts in normal, vital tissues with raised serum calcium levels
46
What is Hypercalcaemia
increased serum calcium levels
47
What are the causes of hypercalcaemia?
1. Increased levels of PTH
2. Bone Resorption increased
3. Increased Vit. D
4. Renal Failure
48
# Development Disorders
Agenesis
| Too little growth
Failure of development of an organ or structure within the organ
49
# Development Disorders
Atresia
| Too little growth
Failure of development of a lumen in a tubual epithelial structure
50
# Development Disorders
Hypoplasia
| Too little growth
Less tissue formed, normal structure
| eg. enamel hypoplasia
51
# Development Disorders
Hamartoma
| Too much growth
Tumour like growth, normal tissue and structure but excessiv growth
52
Haemangioma
vascular malformation
| Hamartoma of blood vessels
53
Lymphangioma
| Most common area is tongue
Hamartoma of lymphatics
54
Odontoma
Hamartoma of dental hard tissues
55
Pigmented naevi (moles)
Hamartoma of melanocytes
56
# Developmental Disorders
Ectopia
Normal tisse in wrong place
57
# 5 points
Adaptation of cells to Environemental Stress
1. Atrophy (decreased size)
2. Hypertrophy (increased size)
3. Hyperplasia (change in number of cells)
4. Metaplasia (change in cell type)
5. Dysplasia (change in maturation and growth pattern of cells)
58
Causes of localised atrophy
1. ischaemic
2. pressure
3. disuse/denervation
4. autoimmune
5. idiopathic
59
Generalised atrophy causes
1. inadequate nutrition
2. senile
3. endocrine
60
Clinical example of hyperplasia
Liver regeneration
61
Clincial example of hypertrophy
Goitre
62
Examples of metaplasia
Barrets oesophagus (GORD)
63
# 4 points
Features of Neoplasia
1. abnormal mass of tissue
2. growth which is excessive
3. uncoordinated with normal tissues from which it arises
4. persists after provoking stimulus removed
64
# 4 points
Features of Neoplasia
1. abnormal mass of tissue
2. growth which is excessive
3. uncoordinated with normal tissues from which it arises
4. persists after provoking stimulus removed
