Pathology Flashcards
Positive/upregulated acute phase reactants
Ferritin
Fibrinogen
Serum amyloid A
Hepcidin
Negative acute phase reactants
Albumin (hypoalbuminemia)
Prealbumin or transthyretin
Transferrin
What interleukin that would increase in acute phase reactants?
Interleukin-6
Tx: Tocilizumab- targets IL-6
Acute phase reactants
Mnemonics: More FFiSH in the C(sea)
Ferritin Fibrinogen Serum amyloid A Hepcidin CRP
Loss of the function of the tumor suppressor gene RB (Retinoblastoma)
Osteocarcoma
- RB - tumor suppressor gene a.k.a Governor of the cell cycle
- p53- Guardian of the genome
Laminated, concentric spherules with dystrophic calcifications
PSaMMOMa bodies
Papillary Somatostinoma Malignant Mesothelioma Ovarian serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma ProlactinoMa (Milk)
2 types of calcifications
- Metastatic - metabolic; INCREASE calcium that would deposit in NORMAL tissues
- Dystrophic - ABNORMAL tissues, Normal Calcium levels
Keratin pearls
Squamous cell carcinoma
- purple dots = nuclei
Present in areas of CNS damage and can be seen with enlarged vesicular nuclei and conspicuous eosinophilic cytoplasm. These type of cells hypertrophy and undergoes hyperplasia and culminates in tissue gliosis
Gemistocytic astrocytes
Smudge cells are present in
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
*Smudge cells are fragile cells
Differentiate lymphocyte from a blast cell
Lymphocyte - RBC beside the lympho should be roughly the same size as the nucleus of the lympho
Blast cell- bigger than the RBC
Cells with Bundles of Auer Rods
Faggot cells
*Seen in M3/ Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML)
Decrease in platelets, decrease in the consumption of coagulation factors
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy)/ Consumptive Coagulopathy
Drug used to treat M3 APML
- ATRA - vit. A derivative- further the differentiation of abnormal cells
- ATO- arsenic trioxide
M3 associated with translocation t(15;17)
Translocation in CML
t(9;22)
*Philadelphia Chromosome
Congenital heart disease with right to left shunt (Cyanotic)
5 T’s
Truncus arteriosus - 1 vessel Transposition of great arteries - 2 vessels Tricuspid atresia - 3 vessels Tetralogy of Fallot - 4 characteristics TAPVR - 5 letters (snowman in Xray)
ALS is characterized by
Upper and lower motor neuron disease
*degeneration of the upper motor neuron that results in loss of myelinated fibers in the corticospinal tract
PAS-positive cytoplasmic inclusions seen in ALS
Bunina bodies
Ulcerative colitis (Inflammatory bowel dse) - presents with GI manifestations. Often manifests with extraintestinal manifestations which are:
Polyarthritis
Uveitis and Episcleritis
Sacroilitis- HLA B27 positive conditions
Pyoderma gangrenosum
*UC- increased risk of malignancy
Primary biliary cirrhosis is related to
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
“Beads on a string”
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Increased total PSA with decreased fraction of free PSA suggest:
Prostate Carcinoma
Proportionate increase in the PSA with the free PSA
BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
Most common STD
Chlamydia infection
Endometrial Ca has 2 main types (type 1 and type 2)
Type 1- Better prognosis Prolonged estrogen stimulation Resemble normal endometrium Associated with obesity More common
Meigs syndrome triad
> Ovarian mass- ovarian Fibroma (benign)
Ascites
Hydrothorax (pleural effusion)
Pancreas with Islet amyloid polypeptides or AMYLIN seen in
Type II Diabetes
*Type I- autoimmune destruction
Atherosclerosis is most commonly present in:
Abdominal aorta
*Abdominal aorta > Coronary > Popliteal > Carotid
((ACPC))
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome is characterized as:
Esophageal varices
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)- chronic blood loss
Dysphagia
((DIE))
Plummer-vinson sydrome is usually associated with:
Glossitis and increased risk of esophageall SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Increased ratio of AST to ALT is characteristic finding of:
Alcoholic liver disease
*AST/ALT (Transaminases) >1000
Ddx: 1. Viral hepatitis
2. Ischemic hepatitis
3. Drug induced hepatitis
- When AST is higher than ALT (>2:1) - suggestive of alcoholic liver dse/ALD
- > 3:1 - highly suggestive of ALD
Presence of this antibody in pregnant women increases the risk of NB in developing neonatal lupus
Anti-SSA
*neonatal lupus presents with congenital heart block
Presence of this antibody seen in drug-induced lupus
Anti-Histone
Drugs associated with lupus-like syndrome
> Isoniazid
Procainamide- anti arrhythmic
Hydralazine
What antibody is specific for Lupus
Anti-dsDNA - correlated with disease activity
Anti-Smith
ANA- screening test
Alzheimer dse is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Which altered proteins is associated with INCREASED risk of sporadic forms
ApoE-4
- ApoE-2 - DECREASED risk of sporadic form
- Presenelin 1,2 and Amlyloid polypeptide - familiar forms with early onset
Seen in Alzheimer disease
Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
PLAQUES & TANGLES
Translocation in M3/ APML
t(15;17)
