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TOPNOTCH > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Positive/upregulated acute phase reactants

A

Ferritin
Fibrinogen
Serum amyloid A
Hepcidin

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2
Q

Negative acute phase reactants

A

Albumin (hypoalbuminemia)
Prealbumin or transthyretin
Transferrin

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3
Q

What interleukin that would increase in acute phase reactants?

A

Interleukin-6

Tx: Tocilizumab- targets IL-6

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4
Q

Acute phase reactants

Mnemonics: More FFiSH in the C(sea)

A 
Ferritin
Fibrinogen
Serum amyloid A
Hepcidin
CRP
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5
Q

Loss of the function of the tumor suppressor gene RB (Retinoblastoma)

A

Osteocarcoma

  • RB - tumor suppressor gene a.k.a Governor of the cell cycle
  • p53- Guardian of the genome
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6
Q

Laminated, concentric spherules with dystrophic calcifications

A

PSaMMOMa bodies

Papillary
Somatostinoma
Malignant Mesothelioma
Ovarian serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma
ProlactinoMa (Milk)
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7
Q

2 types of calcifications

A
  1. Metastatic - metabolic; INCREASE calcium that would deposit in NORMAL tissues
  2. Dystrophic - ABNORMAL tissues, Normal Calcium levels
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8
Q

Keratin pearls

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

  • purple dots = nuclei
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9
Q

Present in areas of CNS damage and can be seen with enlarged vesicular nuclei and conspicuous eosinophilic cytoplasm. These type of cells hypertrophy and undergoes hyperplasia and culminates in tissue gliosis

A

Gemistocytic astrocytes

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10
Q

Smudge cells are present in

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

*Smudge cells are fragile cells

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11
Q

Differentiate lymphocyte from a blast cell

A

Lymphocyte - RBC beside the lympho should be roughly the same size as the nucleus of the lympho

Blast cell- bigger than the RBC

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12
Q

Cells with Bundles of Auer Rods

A

Faggot cells

*Seen in M3/ Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML)

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13
Q

Decrease in platelets, decrease in the consumption of coagulation factors

A

DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy)/ Consumptive Coagulopathy

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14
Q

Drug used to treat M3 APML

A
  1. ATRA - vit. A derivative- further the differentiation of abnormal cells
  2. ATO- arsenic trioxide

M3 associated with translocation t(15;17)

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15
Q

Translocation in CML

A

t(9;22)

*Philadelphia Chromosome

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16
Q

Congenital heart disease with right to left shunt (Cyanotic)

A

5 T’s

Truncus arteriosus - 1 vessel
Transposition of great arteries - 2 vessels
Tricuspid atresia - 3 vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot - 4 characteristics
TAPVR - 5 letters (snowman in Xray)
17
Q

ALS is characterized by

A

Upper and lower motor neuron disease

*degeneration of the upper motor neuron that results in loss of myelinated fibers in the corticospinal tract

18
Q

PAS-positive cytoplasmic inclusions seen in ALS

A

Bunina bodies

19
Q

Ulcerative colitis (Inflammatory bowel dse) - presents with GI manifestations. Often manifests with extraintestinal manifestations which are:

A

Polyarthritis
Uveitis and Episcleritis
Sacroilitis- HLA B27 positive conditions
Pyoderma gangrenosum

*UC- increased risk of malignancy

20
Q

Primary biliary cirrhosis is related to

A

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

21
Q

“Beads on a string”

A

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

22
Q

Increased total PSA with decreased fraction of free PSA suggest:

A

Prostate Carcinoma

23
Q

Proportionate increase in the PSA with the free PSA

A

BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

24
Q

Most common STD

A

Chlamydia infection

25
Q

Endometrial Ca has 2 main types (type 1 and type 2)

A 
Type 1- 
Better prognosis
Prolonged estrogen stimulation
Resemble normal endometrium
Associated with obesity
More common
26
Q

Meigs syndrome triad

A

> Ovarian mass- ovarian Fibroma (benign)
Ascites
Hydrothorax (pleural effusion)

27
Q

Pancreas with Islet amyloid polypeptides or AMYLIN seen in

A

Type II Diabetes

*Type I- autoimmune destruction

28
Q

Atherosclerosis is most commonly present in:

A

Abdominal aorta

*Abdominal aorta > Coronary > Popliteal > Carotid

((ACPC))

29
Q

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome is characterized as:

A

Esophageal varices
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)- chronic blood loss
Dysphagia

((DIE))

30
Q

Plummer-vinson sydrome is usually associated with:

A

Glossitis and increased risk of esophageall SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

31
Q

Increased ratio of AST to ALT is characteristic finding of:

A

Alcoholic liver disease

*AST/ALT (Transaminases) >1000
Ddx: 1. Viral hepatitis
2. Ischemic hepatitis
3. Drug induced hepatitis

  • When AST is higher than ALT (>2:1) - suggestive of alcoholic liver dse/ALD
  • > 3:1 - highly suggestive of ALD
32
Q

Presence of this antibody in pregnant women increases the risk of NB in developing neonatal lupus

A

Anti-SSA

*neonatal lupus presents with congenital heart block

33
Q

Presence of this antibody seen in drug-induced lupus

A

Anti-Histone

34
Q

Drugs associated with lupus-like syndrome

A

> Isoniazid
Procainamide- anti arrhythmic
Hydralazine

35
Q

What antibody is specific for Lupus

A

Anti-dsDNA - correlated with disease activity
Anti-Smith

ANA- screening test

36
Q

Alzheimer dse is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Which altered proteins is associated with INCREASED risk of sporadic forms

A

ApoE-4

  • ApoE-2 - DECREASED risk of sporadic form
  • Presenelin 1,2 and Amlyloid polypeptide - familiar forms with early onset
37
Q

Seen in Alzheimer disease

A

Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

PLAQUES & TANGLES

38
Q

Translocation in M3/ APML

A

t(15;17)

TOPNOTCH (7 decks)

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