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Neuro Module > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

0
Q

What disease is associated with nasal polyps?

A 
Cystic fibrosis
(defect in Cl- channel --> abnormal mucus plugs)
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1
Q 
What condition is associated with: 
-rhinorrhea
-nasal obstruction
-headaches/sinus pain
-eosinophils
Defect in CFTR Gene on C7
A

Nasal Polyps

unilateral or bilateral

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2
Q

What condition is associated with:

  • blurred vision (adult), cetral paracentral scotomas
  • discoloration of the macular region around fovea
  • Drusen in RPE
A

Macular degeneration

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3
Q

What are the two types of Macular Degeneration?

A

1) Dry: fat deposits, no tx

2) Wet: neovascularization, treat with Anti-VEGF

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4
Q

What condition is associated with:

  • loss of vision (adult)
  • hepatomegaly/ liver metastasis
  • mushroom-shaped ocular tumor
A

Uveal Melanoma

malignant melanoma of the choroid in eye

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5
Q

What condition is associated with:

  • childhood
  • osteosarcoma
  • leukokoria
  • RB gene mutation
  • Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes/Homer-Wright rosettes
A

Retinoblastoma

intraocular malignancy

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6
Q

What condition is associated with:

  • unilateral tinnitus–>deafness
  • Verocay bodies
  • mutation to 22q12: Neurofibromatosis II (may have bilateral sx)
A

Schwannomas
CN VIII–> acoustic schwannoma
(S-100 positive tumor of schwann cells)

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7
Q

What is an Antoni A growth pattern?

What condition are they associated with?

A

Elongated cells arranged in fascicles, densely cellular.
Nuclear free zones called Verocay bodies.
Schwannomas

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8
Q

What is an Antoni B growth pattern?

What condition is it associated with?

A

loose myxoid arrangement of cells

Schwannoma

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9
Q

What is drusen?

A

focal yellow discoloration located around fovea bilaterally in macular degeneration
- Bruch membrane deposits

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10
Q

How do you characterize diabetic retinopathy?

A
  • cotton wool spots (also in hypertensive retinopathy)

- deeper hemorrhage

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11
Q

How do you characterize hypertensive retinopathy?

A

Arteriosclerosis: onion skinning/thickened BM

  • copper wire vessels
  • cotton wool spots (also in diabetic retinopathy)
  • flame hemorrhage (superficial)
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12
Q

Indicators of poor prognosis in Uveal Melanoma

A
  • increased atypia
  • increased proliferation
  • increased diameter (spread)
  • tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
  • *hematogenous spread to liver (not lymphatic)
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13
Q

What are Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes?

What disease are they characteristic of?

A

cuboidal cells circumscribing a largely clear apical lumen

- Retinoblastoma

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14
Q

What are Homer-Wright rosettes?

What disease are they characteristic of?

A

irregular layer of cells around lumen of cytoplasmic processes
form tangles
- Retinoblastoma

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15
Q

What does HSV preferentially cause in the brain?

A

Temporal lobe necrosis

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16
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • fever
  • pulling ears (children)
  • red, bulging tympanic membrane
A

Otitis Media

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17
Q

Organisms of acute otitis media

A
  • Strep pneumo
  • Haemo influenza
  • moroxellea catarrhalis
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18
Q

Organisms of chronic otitis:

A
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa

- Staph aureus

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19
Q 
What condition is characterized by:
-young male
-nosebleeds (epistaxis)
(late)
-facial deformity, diplopia, proptosis, sinusitis, CN palsies, anosmia, hearing deficit
A

Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

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20
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • dry, scaly, hypopigmented lesions
  • few patches
  • TH1 response
    (late) : weakness and sensory loss –> claw hand/wrist drop, impaired sweating
A

Tuberculoid Leprosy

Mycobacterium leprae

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21
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • diffuse symmetrical invasion to skin
  • thickened skin –> leonine facies
  • invasion of PNS–> lowered immune function
  • glove and sock neuropathy
  • TH2 response
A

Lepromatous (anergic) Leprosy

Mycobacterium leprae

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22
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • white, young, female
  • vision impairment
  • sx separates in time and space
  • plaques and demyelination
  • oligoclonal bands on CSF protein electrophoresis
A

Multiple Sclerosis

-autoimmunity from CD4+ TH1/TH17 cells

23
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • upper and lower body weakness
  • LMN + UMN
  • thinned precentral gyrus
  • oculomotor fx, sensation, intelligence unaffected
  • older men
A

Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Lou Gerhig disease

24
Q

What disease is characterized by:

  • old age
  • progressive severe memory loss, behavioral changes
  • diffuse cortical atrophy (esp. basal nucleus of Meynert)
  • neurofibrillary tangles, plaques (hippocampus/amydala), amyloid
A

Alzheimer disease

25
Q

Clinical features of Alzheimer disease

A
  • Amnesia: memory
  • Apraxia: movements
  • Aphasia: language
  • Agnosia: recognition
26
Q

How is Pick disease different from Alzheimer disease?

A
  • less common
  • more atrophy to frontal and temporal lobes
  • basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions: stain for protein and ubiquitin
27
Q

What are some reversible causes of dementia?

A
  • CNS infections
  • hypothyroidism
  • B12 deficiency
  • CNS masses (tumor syndrome)
  • hydrocephalus ex vacuo
  • medications
28
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • post-infectious (fever)
  • LMN damage –> flaccid paralysis
  • unvaccinated
  • hemorrhage/vascular congestion of spinal cord
A

Polio

29
Q

What disease is characterized by:

  • brain cysts
  • swiss cheese brain
  • seizures
  • hydrocephalus
  • undercooked pork –> tapeworm infection
A

Cycticerosis

30
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • negri bodies
  • animal bite –> encephalitis
  • agitation/confusion
  • hypersalivation, hydrophobia
A

Rabies

31
Q

What are Negri bodies?

What are they associated with?

A

Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of neurons

Rabies

32
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • headaches
  • ↑ICP
  • soft mass in the white matter
  • mild-moderate pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, mitotic figures
  • no coagulative necrosis
A

Astrocytoma
Grade 1: pilocytic astrocytoma, children, non-infiltrative, good prognosis
Grade 2: poorly defined, mild-moderate hypercellularity
Grade 3: anaplastic astrocytoma, mitoses common
Grade 4: glioblastoma, varigated gross appearance, vascular/endothelial proliferation, necrosis with pseudopalisading tumor cell nuclei

33
Q

What condition is characteristic of:

  • headaches
  • mass in white matter w/necrosis and hemorrhage
  • psuedopalisading tumor cells around necrotic tissue
  • endothelial proliferation
A

Glioblastoma

Grade 4 Astrocytoma

34
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • children
  • headaches, relieved by standing or vomiting
  • densely cellular tissue: round to ovoid with loose edematous tissue
  • Rosenthal fibers: twisted pink fibers
A

Pilocytic Astrocytoma

Grade 1 Astrocytoma

35
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • children
  • sheets of highly anaplastic cells w/ small hyperchromatic nuclei
  • frequent mitoses
  • Homer-Wright rosettes
A

Medulloblatoma

PNET

36
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • increasingly severe headaches
  • whorled pattern
  • adult
  • F>M
  • Psammoma bodies: calcified necrotic cells
A

Meningioma

*typically found in parasagittal area attached to the dura

37
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • acute onset hemiplegia
  • hx smoking, diabetes, htn
A

Stroke

-thrombolytic or embolytic

38
Q

What are the immediate features of stroke?

A
  • dead reds: pyknosis and loss of nuclei, cell shrinkage
39
Q

Intermediate features of a stroke

A

Macrophage recruitment: gitter cells/foamy microglia

outside –> middle of infarted region

40
Q

Late features of stroke

A

cyst with scattered macrophages and vessels

Dense gliotic wall surrounding cyst: made of many astrocyte processes

41
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • nuchal rigidity
  • fever
  • Kernigs/Brudzinski’s signs
  • exudate in subarachnoid space –> ↑ pressure
  • PMN, ↑ protein, ↓ glucose
A

Bacterial Meningitis

42
Q

Kernig’s Sign

A

when thigh is flexed, then leg cannot be extended

43
Q

Brudzinski sign

A

flexion of the neck causes reflex flexion of ankle, knee, hip

44
Q

Most common bacterial causes of meningitis in:

  • neonates?
  • infants?
  • adolescents/young adults?
  • elderly?
A
  • neonates: GBS, E.coli
  • infants: Strep pneumo, (H. influenzae, but less due to vaccine)
  • adolescents/young adults: N. meningitides
  • elderly: Pneumococcus, Listeria monocytogenes
45
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • leukoplakia/erythroplakia in mucosa of mouth
  • tobacco/alcohol use
  • keratin pearls
A

Squamous cell carcinoma

46
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • Viral URI: rhino-, echo-, coxsackie-, adenoviruses, EBV
  • Bacterial URI: GAS, Staph aureus
  • sore throat
  • fever
  • Tzanck cells
A

Pharyngitis

47
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • hoarseness
  • HPV (6,11)
  • tobacco/alcohol use
  • keratin pearl w/ aggregates of epithelial cells in deep connective tissue
A

Laryngeal (squamous cell) carcinomas

Benign: due to trauma/infection

  • bilateral nodules: Singer’s Nodules
  • unilateral nodule: Polyps
48
Q

Tzank cells

A

ballooning degereration of cells with marginalization of chromatin, and multinucleation
*herpetic stomatitis

49
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • cysts on midline neck: move when swallowing
  • lined by pseudostratified epithelium
A

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

50
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • cysts on lateral neck: don’t move when swallowing
  • lined by squamous epithelium
A

Branchial Cleft Cyst

51
Q

What condition is characterized by:

  • sinus + renal involvement
  • elevated ESR
  • c-ANCA
  • glomerular crescents
  • granulomatous inflammation
A

Wegener Granulomatosis

52
Q

Complications of otitis media

A
  • facial nerve palsy
  • brain abscess
  • epidural or subdural abscess
  • perforation of tympanic membrane
  • conductive or sensorineural hearing loss
53
Q

Disorders of brain metabolism:

A
  • Tay-Sachs disease
  • Leukodystrophies (demyelinating disorders)
  • mitochondrial encephalopathies
54
Q

Disorders of Thiamine

A
  1. Wernicke-Korsakoff: alcoholism
  2. Dry beriberi –> peripheral neuropathy
  3. Wet beriberi –> CV problems
55
Q

Hyperammonemia

A

Liver failure –> neurological sx
- tremor, slurred speech, cerebral edema, blurred vision, vomiting
Accumulation of NH4 –> back up of glutamine
-alpha-ketoglutarate is depleted
Neurotoxicity
- ↑ ROS
- ↑ permeability to Ca++ (apoptosis)

Neuro Module (5 decks)

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