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Neurology Kaplan > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Spina bifida with meningomyelocele is associated with which CNS malformation

A

Arnold-Chiari type 2

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2
Q

Target cell of HIV-1 in the brain

A

Microglia

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3
Q

Type of hypersensitivity seen in multiple sclerosis

A

Type 4

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4
Q

Chronic use of natalizumab can lead to which pathology

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

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5
Q

Aryl sulfatase A deficiency leads to which pathology

A

Metachromatic leukodystrophy

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6
Q

Most common primary CNS malignancy in adults

A

Glioblastoma multiforme (grade 4 astrocytoma)

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7
Q

Characteristic histologic description of oligodendroglioma cells

A

Fried-egg appearance, with “chick-wire” appearance of capillaries

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8
Q

Occlusion of vertebral or anterior spinal arteries leads to development of which syndrome

A

Medial medullary syndrome

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9
Q

Affected regions in the medial medullary syndrome

A
  • CN 12
  • Medial lemniscus
  • Corticospinal tract
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10
Q

Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery leads to development of which syndrome

A

Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome)

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11
Q

Affected regions in the lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome)

A
  • CN 8, 9, 10
  • Spinal nucleus or tract of CN 5
  • Spinothalamic tract
  • Descending hypothalamic fibers
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12
Q

Occlusion of the basilar artery and its paramedian branches leads to development of which syndrome

A

Medial pontine syndrome

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13
Q

Affected regions in the medial pontine syndrome

A
  • CN 6
  • Corticospinal tract
  • Medial lemniscus and CN 7 might be affected
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14
Q

Occlusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery or superior cerebellar artery leads to development of which syndrome

A

Lateral pontine syndrome

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15
Q

Affected regions in the lateral pontine syndrome

A
  • Spinothalamic tract and descending hypothalamic fibers
  • CN 7 and 8 (caudal lesions); CN 5 (rostral lesions)
  • Spinal nucleus/tract of CN 5
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16
Q

Occlusion of posterior cerebral artery branches leads to development of which syndrome

A

Medial midbrain (Weber) syndrome

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17
Q

Affected regions in Weber syndrome

A
  • CN 3
  • Corticospinal tract
  • Corticobulbar tract
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18
Q

How long after a stroke can hypereosinophilic neurons with pyknotic nuclei can be seen

A

After 12 to 24 hours

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19
Q

How long after a stroke is there loss of the distinction between gray and white matter

A

24 to 48 hours

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20
Q

How long after a stroke is there neutrophilic invasion

A

24 to 48/72 hours

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21
Q

How long does it take for brain tissue to liquefy after a stroke

A

2 to 3 weeks

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22
Q

What kind of vessels are ruptured in an epidural hematoma

A

Dural arteries

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23
Q

What kind of vessels are ruptured in a subdural hematoma

A

Bridging veins

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24
Q

Gerstmann syndrome results from a lesion to which part of the brain

A

Angular gyrus

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25
Q

First symptoms of Pick’s disease

A

Personality changes

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26
Q

EEG pattern seen in absence seizures

A

Generalized symmetric 3-Hz spike-and-wave pattern

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27
Q

NF1 predisposes the patient to which tumors

A
  • Meningioma

* Pheochromocytoma

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28
Q

Characteristic histological description of a meningioma

A

Spindle-shaped cells in WHORLS or fascicles

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29
Q

Metabolic changes in patients with a somatotrophic adenoma

A

Glucose intolerance and diabetes

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30
Q

Histological characteristic of medulloblastoma

A

Homer-Wright rosettes

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31
Q

Defect in which cellular pathway can lead to holoprosencephayl

A

Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway

32
Q

What is a Chiari 1 malformation

A

Ectopia of the cerebellar tonsils more than 3 to 5 mm

33
Q

What is a Chiari 2 malformation

A

Herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis with aqueductal stenosis

34
Q

What is the Dandy-Walker syndrome

A

Agenesis of the cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of the 4th ventricle (failure of foramina of Lushka and Magendie)

35
Q

First symptoms seen in syringomyelia

A

“Cape-like”, bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities

36
Q

Signs and symptoms of lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome)

A
  • Vertigo, nystagmus
  • Hoarseness, dysphagia, nause and vomiting
  • Ipsilateral limb ataxia
  • Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature to the face
  • Contralateral loss of pain and temperature of the body
  • Ipsilateral Horner syndrome
37
Q

Trinucleotide repeat seen en myotonic dystrophy

A

CTG

38
Q

Biopsy findings in myotonic dystrophy

A

Ring fibers and central nuclei

39
Q

Antibodies to Hu antigen are seen in which pathology

A

Immune mediated paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy

40
Q

What is retinopathy of prematurity

A

Its an innappropiate vascular proliferation in the inner retinal layers

41
Q

Retinal changes seen in glaucoma

A

Ganglion cell and optic nerve degeneration

42
Q

What can be seen in a brain MRI of a patient with Huntington’s disease

A

Main finding is caudate nuclei atrophy, with hydrocephalus ex vacuo

43
Q

Meningitis by which organism benefits from glucocorticoid pretreatment

A

Meningitis by Streptococcus pneumoniae

44
Q

Tetanospasmin prevents release of which neurotransmitters

A

Glycine and GABA

45
Q

Cells affected by tetanospasmin

A

Spinal inhibitory interneurons

46
Q

Function of the defective gene in ataxia-telangiectasia

A

DNA break repair

47
Q

Part of the brain most vulnerable to ischemic hypoxia

A

Hippocampus

48
Q

How long after a stroke can a CT detect ischemic damage

A

6 to 24 hours

49
Q

How long after a stroke can an MRI detect ischemic damage

A

3 to 30 minutes

50
Q

How long after a stroke is there reactive gliosis with vascular proliferation

A

1 to 2 weeks

51
Q

Fracture of which part of the skull is associated with the development of an epidural hematoma

A

The pterion (thinnest area of the skull)

52
Q

The middle meningeal artery is a branch of which other artery

A

Maxillary artery

53
Q

Eye movement that is preserved in a basilar artery stroke

A

Vertical eye movements

54
Q

Characteristic CSF finding in Creutzfeld-Jakob disease

A

Increased 14-3-3 protein

55
Q

Monoclonal antibodies that increase risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

A

Natalizumab and rituximab

56
Q

Function of neurofibromin

A

Negative regulator of RAS

57
Q

Function of VHL gene product

A

Tag proteins with ubiquitin for degradation

58
Q

Biopsy finding in glioblastoma multiforme

A

“Pseudopalisading” pleomorphic tumor cells that border central areas of necrosis and hemorrhage

59
Q

Biopsy finding in ependymomas

A

Perivascular rosettes

60
Q

Artery that supplies anterior spinal artery territory below T8

A

Artery of Adamkiewicz

61
Q

Function of frataxin

A

Iron-binding protein

62
Q

Inherited degeneration of the anterior motor horn

A

Werdnig-Hoffman disease

63
Q

HLA associated with multiple sclerosis

A

HLA-DR2

64
Q

Common sources of metastasis to the brain

A

Lung, breast, and kidney

65
Q

EMG results in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

A
  • Decreased nerve conduction velocity in demyelinating types

* Decreased conduction amplitude in axonal types

66
Q

How long after birth does meningitis from Listeria monocytogenes develops

A

2 to 3 weeks after

67
Q

Lesions in which part of the CNS produce a decorticate rigidity

A

Above the midbrain

68
Q

Lesions in which part of the CNS produce a decerebrate rigidity

A

Below the midbrain (brainstem)

69
Q

What is decorticate rigidity

A

Postural flexion of the limbs

70
Q

What is decerebrate rigidity

A

Postural extension of the limbs

71
Q

Hormones elevated in a somatotrophic adenoma

A

Growth hormone and somatomedin C

72
Q

Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms predispose to which type of hemorrhage

A

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage

73
Q

1 cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Trauma

74
Q

Antibodies seen in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration

A
  • Anti-YO
  • Anti-P/Q
  • Anti-Hu
75
Q

Type of cancer that can develop paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration

A

Small cell lung carcinoma

76
Q

Opsoclonus-myoclonus paraneoplastic syndrome is associated with which tumor

A

Neuroblastoma

77
Q

Description of a cortical watershed infarct

A

Bilateral wede-shaped strips of necrosis over the cerebral convexity, parallel and adjacent to the longitudinal cerebral fissure

Neurology Kaplan (3 decks)

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