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Neurology Kaplan > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Spina bifida with meningomyelocele is associated with which CNS malformation

A

Arnold-Chiari type 2

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2
Q

Target cell of HIV-1 in the brain

A

Microglia

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3
Q

Type of hypersensitivity seen in multiple sclerosis

A

Type 4

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4
Q

Chronic use of natalizumab can lead to which pathology

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

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5
Q

Aryl sulfatase A deficiency leads to which pathology

A

Metachromatic leukodystrophy

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6
Q

Most common primary CNS malignancy in adults

A

Glioblastoma multiforme (grade 4 astrocytoma)

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7
Q

Characteristic histologic description of oligodendroglioma cells

A

Fried-egg appearance, with “chick-wire” appearance of capillaries

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8
Q

Occlusion of vertebral or anterior spinal arteries leads to development of which syndrome

A

Medial medullary syndrome

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9
Q

Affected regions in the medial medullary syndrome

A
  • CN 12
  • Medial lemniscus
  • Corticospinal tract
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10
Q

Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery leads to development of which syndrome

A

Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome)

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11
Q

Affected regions in the lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome)

A
  • CN 8, 9, 10
  • Spinal nucleus or tract of CN 5
  • Spinothalamic tract
  • Descending hypothalamic fibers
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12
Q

Occlusion of the basilar artery and its paramedian branches leads to development of which syndrome

A

Medial pontine syndrome

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13
Q

Affected regions in the medial pontine syndrome

A
  • CN 6
  • Corticospinal tract
  • Medial lemniscus and CN 7 might be affected
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14
Q

Occlusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery or superior cerebellar artery leads to development of which syndrome

A

Lateral pontine syndrome

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15
Q

Affected regions in the lateral pontine syndrome

A
  • Spinothalamic tract and descending hypothalamic fibers
  • CN 7 and 8 (caudal lesions); CN 5 (rostral lesions)
  • Spinal nucleus/tract of CN 5
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16
Q

Occlusion of posterior cerebral artery branches leads to development of which syndrome

A

Medial midbrain (Weber) syndrome

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17
Q

Affected regions in Weber syndrome

A
  • CN 3
  • Corticospinal tract
  • Corticobulbar tract
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18
Q

How long after a stroke can hypereosinophilic neurons with pyknotic nuclei can be seen

A

After 12 to 24 hours

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19
Q

How long after a stroke is there loss of the distinction between gray and white matter

A

24 to 48 hours

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20
Q

How long after a stroke is there neutrophilic invasion

A

24 to 48/72 hours

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21
Q

How long does it take for brain tissue to liquefy after a stroke

A

2 to 3 weeks

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22
Q

What kind of vessels are ruptured in an epidural hematoma

A

Dural arteries

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23
Q

What kind of vessels are ruptured in a subdural hematoma

A

Bridging veins

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24
Q

Gerstmann syndrome results from a lesion to which part of the brain

A

Angular gyrus

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25
First symptoms of Pick's disease
Personality changes
26
EEG pattern seen in absence seizures
Generalized symmetric 3-Hz spike-and-wave pattern
27
NF1 predisposes the patient to which tumors
* Meningioma | * Pheochromocytoma
28
Characteristic histological description of a meningioma
Spindle-shaped cells in WHORLS or fascicles
29
Metabolic changes in patients with a somatotrophic adenoma
Glucose intolerance and diabetes
30
Histological characteristic of medulloblastoma
Homer-Wright rosettes
31
Defect in which cellular pathway can lead to holoprosencephayl
Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway
32
What is a Chiari 1 malformation
Ectopia of the cerebellar tonsils more than 3 to 5 mm
33
What is a Chiari 2 malformation
Herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis with aqueductal stenosis
34
What is the Dandy-Walker syndrome
Agenesis of the cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of the 4th ventricle (failure of foramina of Lushka and Magendie)
35
First symptoms seen in syringomyelia
"Cape-like", bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities
36
Signs and symptoms of lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome)
* Vertigo, nystagmus * Hoarseness, dysphagia, nause and vomiting * Ipsilateral limb ataxia * Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature to the face * Contralateral loss of pain and temperature of the body * Ipsilateral Horner syndrome
37
Trinucleotide repeat seen en myotonic dystrophy
CTG
38
Biopsy findings in myotonic dystrophy
Ring fibers and central nuclei
39
Antibodies to Hu antigen are seen in which pathology
Immune mediated paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy
40
What is retinopathy of prematurity
Its an innappropiate vascular proliferation in the inner retinal layers
41
Retinal changes seen in glaucoma
Ganglion cell and optic nerve degeneration
42
What can be seen in a brain MRI of a patient with Huntington's disease
Main finding is caudate nuclei atrophy, with hydrocephalus ex vacuo
43
Meningitis by which organism benefits from glucocorticoid pretreatment
Meningitis by Streptococcus pneumoniae
44
Tetanospasmin prevents release of which neurotransmitters
Glycine and GABA
45
Cells affected by tetanospasmin
Spinal inhibitory interneurons
46
Function of the defective gene in ataxia-telangiectasia
DNA break repair
47
Part of the brain most vulnerable to ischemic hypoxia
Hippocampus
48
How long after a stroke can a CT detect ischemic damage
6 to 24 hours
49
How long after a stroke can an MRI detect ischemic damage
3 to 30 minutes
50
How long after a stroke is there reactive gliosis with vascular proliferation
1 to 2 weeks
51
Fracture of which part of the skull is associated with the development of an epidural hematoma
The pterion (thinnest area of the skull)
52
The middle meningeal artery is a branch of which other artery
Maxillary artery
53
Eye movement that is preserved in a basilar artery stroke
Vertical eye movements
54
Characteristic CSF finding in Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
Increased 14-3-3 protein
55
Monoclonal antibodies that increase risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Natalizumab and rituximab
56
Function of neurofibromin
Negative regulator of RAS
57
Function of VHL gene product
Tag proteins with ubiquitin for degradation
58
Biopsy finding in glioblastoma multiforme
"Pseudopalisading" pleomorphic tumor cells that border central areas of necrosis and hemorrhage
59
Biopsy finding in ependymomas
Perivascular rosettes
60
Artery that supplies anterior spinal artery territory below T8
Artery of Adamkiewicz
61
Function of frataxin
Iron-binding protein
62
Inherited degeneration of the anterior motor horn
Werdnig-Hoffman disease
63
HLA associated with multiple sclerosis
HLA-DR2
64
Common sources of metastasis to the brain
Lung, breast, and kidney
65
EMG results in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
* Decreased nerve conduction velocity in demyelinating types | * Decreased conduction amplitude in axonal types
66
How long after birth does meningitis from Listeria monocytogenes develops
2 to 3 weeks after
67
Lesions in which part of the CNS produce a decorticate rigidity
Above the midbrain
68
Lesions in which part of the CNS produce a decerebrate rigidity
Below the midbrain (brainstem)
69
What is decorticate rigidity
Postural flexion of the limbs
70
What is decerebrate rigidity
Postural extension of the limbs
71
Hormones elevated in a somatotrophic adenoma
Growth hormone and somatomedin C
72
Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms predispose to which type of hemorrhage
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
73
#1 cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage
Trauma
74
Antibodies seen in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
* Anti-YO * Anti-P/Q * Anti-Hu
75
Type of cancer that can develop paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
Small cell lung carcinoma
76
Opsoclonus-myoclonus paraneoplastic syndrome is associated with which tumor
Neuroblastoma
77
Description of a cortical watershed infarct
Bilateral wede-shaped strips of necrosis over the cerebral convexity, parallel and adjacent to the longitudinal cerebral fissure

Neurology Kaplan (3 decks)

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