General principles

Question 1

Secondary vesicle from which the retina and the optic nerves are derived

Answer 1

Diencephalon

Question 2

Only cranial nerve that is myelinated

Answer 2

Optic nerve

Question 3

Branches of the vertebral arteries

Answer 3

• Anterior spinal artery

* Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

Question 4

Function of D1 receptors

Answer 4

Excitation of direct pathway

Question 5

Function of D2 receptors

Answer 5

Inhibition of indirect pathway

Question 6

The corticospinal tract traverses through which part of the internal capsule

Answer 6

Posterior limb

Question 7

The ACA irrigates which part of the internal capsule

Answer 7

Anterior limb

Question 8

Describe the Papez circuit

Answer 8

• Mammillary body
• Thalamus (anterior nucleus)
• Cingulate gyrus
• Hippocampus (via fornix is connected again to the mammillary body)

Question 9

Muscle that elevates posterior tongue during swallowing

Answer 9

Palatoglossus

Question 10

Only muscle of the tongue that is innervated by the CN 10

Answer 10

Palatoglossus

Question 11

Cell of the CNS that acts as an extracellular potassium buffer

Answer 11

Astrocyte

Question 12

Cell of the CNS that derives from the mesodermal layer

Answer 12

Microglia

Question 13

Characteristics of C fibers

Answer 13

Slow and unmyelinated

Question 14

Characteristics of Adelta fibers

Answer 14

Fast and myelinated

Question 15

Substances that can cross the blood-brain barrier via carrier-mediated transport mechanisms

Answer 15

Glucose and aminoacids

Question 16

Parts of the blood-brain barrier that have fenestrated capillaries

Answer 16

• Area postrema (vomiting after chemo)
• OVLT (organum vasculosum lamina terminalis) - (osmotic sensing)
• Neurohypophysis

Question 17

Hunger is controlled by which area of the hypothalamu

Answer 17

Lateral area

Question 18

Hormones that act on the lateral area of the hypothalamus

Answer 18

• Ghrelin (stimulates)

* Leptin (inhibits)

Question 19

Satiety is controlled by which area of the hypothalamus

Answer 19

Ventromedial area

Question 20

Hormone that acts on the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus

Answer 20

Leptin (stimulates)

Question 21

Part of the hypothalamus that controls heat dissipation

Answer 21

Anterior hypothalamus

Question 22

Part of the hypothalamus that controls heat conservation

Answer 22

Posterior hypothalamus

Question 23

Substances that decrease REM sleep

Answer 23

• Alcohol
• Barbiturates
• BZD
• Norepinephrine

Question 24

Sleep changes in the elderly

Answer 24

• Decreased REM
• Decreased slow-wave sleep
• Increased sleep latency
• Increased awakenings

Question 25

The ventral postero-lateral nucleus of the thalamus receives input from which tracts

Answer 25

* Spinothalamic | * Dorsal columns/medial lemniscus

Question 26

The ventral postero-medial nucleus of the thalamus receives input from which tracts

Answer 26

Trigeminal and gustatory pathway

Question 27

The lateral geniculate nucleus connects CN 2 to which part of the cortex

Answer 27

Calcarine sulcus

Question 28

Deep nuclei of the cerebellum

Answer 28

From lateral to medial... * Dentate * Emboliform * Globose * Fastigial (Don't Eat Greasy Foods)

Question 29

Formula for cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)

Answer 29

CPP = MAP - ICP

Question 30

The middle meningeal artery enters the brain through which cranial foramen

Answer 30

Foramen spinosum

Question 31

Function of the nucleus solitarius

Answer 31

Visceral sensory information (CN 7, 9, 10)

Question 32

Function of the nucleus ambiguus

Answer 32

Motor innervation of the pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus (CN 9, 10, 11)

Question 33

Function of the dorsal motor nucleus

Answer 33

Sends autonomic fibers to heart, lung, upper GI

Question 34

Electrolytes that have a higher concentration in CSF than in serum

Answer 34

Sodium and magnesium

Question 35

Muscle spindles respond to which type of stimulus

Answer 35

Increase in muscle stretch

Question 36

Golgi tendon organs respond to which type of stimulus

Answer 36

Increase in muscle force

Question 37

Mechanism of action of tetrodotoxin (puffer fish)

Answer 37

Binds to sodium channels, inhibiting sodium influx and preventing action potential conduction

Question 38

Function of Clarke's nucleus

Answer 38

Send unconscious proprioceptive information to the cerebellum

Question 39

Describe vestibular nystagmus

Answer 39

Slow eye deviation towards the lesioned site with fast corrective deviation away from the lesioned site