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POM Exam II > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathology?

A

The study of the structural, molecular, and functional manifestation of disease, and the mechanisms that cause a disease

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2
Q

Vacutainer Tubes

A

Tool used by pathologists to test skin, cell, or body fluid for disease

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3
Q

In a clinical setting, pathologists are responsible for:

A
  1. Evaluation of surgical, cytologic, hematologic, and autopsy specimens 2. Genetic testing and tissue typing 3. Blood transfusions, apheresis, stem cell and donor services 4. Microbiology, immunology, coagulation, and biochemical testing
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4
Q

Mechanism of Disease

A

pathogenesis

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5
Q

Etiology mnemonic and what it stands for

A

VINDICATEP Vascular Inflammation Neoplasm Drug/Toxin Infection Congenital/Genetic Auto-immune/immune Trauma/Physical Endocrine/Nutrition/Metabolic Psychological

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6
Q

Disease

A

Molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and organismic damage caused by etiology (VINDICATEP) and mediated by pathogenic mechanisms

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7
Q

Diagnosis

A

the name for the disease

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8
Q

Pathogenesis

A

the sequence of events that leads from etiology to manifestation of disease

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9
Q

Symptom

A

Disease manifestation of disease as perceived and reported by the patient

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10
Q

Sign

A

Manifestation of the disease that can be identified by the physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and other methods

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11
Q

Differential Diagnosis

A

A ranked list of most likely diagnoses based on the signs and symptoms of disease in a given patient

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12
Q

Sub-cellular responses to an injury

A

Occur in a reversibly injured cell 1. Increased intracellular volume 2. Mitochondria swelling and calcification 3. Disaggregated ribosomes 4. Cell membrane bleb 5. Aggregated cytoskeletal elements 6. Dilated, vesicular endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased size of cells, which also results in increased organ or tissue size; Cellular response to injury

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14
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Cellular response to injury; Non-neoplastic increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

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15
Q

Atrophy

A

Cellular response to injury; Reduced size of cells or organs

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16
Q

Metaplasia

A

Cellular response to injury; Conversion of one differentiated cell type to another

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17
Q

Neoplasm

A

Cellular response to injury; Autonomous growth of cell proliferation

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18
Q

Bengin Neoplasm

A

Neoplasm that remains localized

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19
Q

Malignant Neoplasm

A

Neoplasm that spreads or is capable of spreading to distant sites (metastasize)

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20
Q

Hydropic Degeneration

A

Abnormal swelling because of increased water within organelles usually caused by toxin or injury

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21
Q

What cellular response to injury is this image portraying?

A

hypertrophy

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22
Q

What cellular response to injury is this image portraying?

A

hypertrophy

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23
Q

Dysplasia

A

Cellular response to injury; Disorded growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue. May be a precursor to malignant neoplasia.

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24
Q

What cellular response to injury is the cellular tissue portraying?

A

hyperplasia

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25
Q

What cellular response to injury is this tissue showcasing?

A

Metaplasia

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26
Q

What cellular response to injury is this tissue showcasing?

A

atrophy

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27
Q

What cellular phenomena is showcased as a response to cell injury?

A

hydropic degeneration

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28
Q

What cellular repsonse to injury is portrayed?

A

dysplasia

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29
Q

What is portrayed in this organ?

A

bengin neoplasm

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30
Q

What is portrayed in this organ?

A

malignant neoplasm

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31
Q

Etiologies of atrophy

A
  1. Reduced functional demand
  2. Inadequate oxygen supply
  3. Insufficient nutrients
  4. Interrupted trophic signals
  5. Persistent cell injury
  6. Increased pressure
  7. Chronic Disease (ex.
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32
Q

In general, malignant neoplasma have less/more well differentiated cells that have larger/smaller nuclei that are pleomorphic, atypical, hyperchromatic and more often undergoing mitosis. Example seen in attached photo.

A

less; larger

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33
Q

A. Adrenal hyperlasia

B. Benign adrenal adenoma

C. Malignant adrenal carinoma

D. Adrneal hypertrophy

A

B. Benign adrenal adenoma

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34
Q

What are the two main major pathways to cells death?

A

apoptosis and necrosis

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35
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell death caused by activation of internal molecular pathways leading to cell death

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36
Q

TNF

A

“tumor necrosis factor” initiates apoptosis by binding to TNF receptor and triggers caspases leading to cell death

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37
Q

Necrosis

A

cell death caused by pathological lethal injury that often orginates outside of the cell

ex. injury by hupoxia, inflammation, molecular toxin, burn

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38
Q

Match the arrows “1, 2, 3, and 4” with the corresponding letter…

A. Pyknosis

B. Normal nucleus

C. Karyorrhexis

D. Karyolysis

A
  1. B.
  2. A.
  3. C.
  4. D.
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39
Q

T/F Cell death is demonstrated histologically by nuclear changes

A

T

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40
Q

Pyknosis

A

the nucleus becomes smaller and stains deeplu basohpilic because of chromitin clumping

41
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

the pyknotic nucleus breaks up into many smaller fragments

42
Q

Karyolysis

A

the nucleus may be extruded from the cell of have progressive loss of chromatin staining resulting in the disappearance of the nucleus

43
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Nuclei disappear (karyolysis) and cytoplasm becomes more homogeneous resulting in ghost cells with no nuclei

44
Q

What type of necrosis is shown?

A

ischemic necrosis

45
Q

What type of necrosis is shown?

A

Coagulative necrosis

46
Q

liquifactive necrosis

A

rapid dissolution of cells that liquefies the necrotic tissue. Most often caused by intense localized infiltratino of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes at sites of severe acute inflammation. Localized acute inflammation with liquifactive necrosis is called an abscess.

47
Q

What type of necrosis is depicted in the blue circle?

A

abcess with liquifactice necrosis and cavitation

48
Q

What type of necrosis is depicted in the blue circle?

A

liquified necrosis

49
Q

caseous necrosis

A

necrosis caused by tuberculosis with marginal zones of aggregated macrophages and necrotic central zone of necrosis containing amorphous debris dervied from necrotic host cells and necrotic mycobacterial cells

50
Q

granulomas

A

nodular gross lesions formed during caseous necrosis

51
Q

What type of necrosis is shown in the photo?

A

caseous necrosis

52
Q

dense infiltrates of macrophages

A

grsnulomatous inflammation

53
Q

Inflammation is a double edged sword that can cause ______ and _______

A

morbidity and mortality

ex. pneumonia

54
Q

fat necrosis

A

specifically affects adipose tissue and most commonly results from pancreatitis or trauma resulting in the release of lipases that free up fatty acids that bind calcium to form calcium soaps (sponification)

seen in alcoholics

55
Q

What type of necrosis is featured in this photo?

A

fat necrosis

56
Q

Four cardnial signs of acute inflammation and the 5th added

A
  1. Rubor (redness)
  2. Tumor (swelling)
  3. Dulor (pain)
  4. Calor (heat)
  5. Functio Laesa (loss of function)
57
Q

Label “A” and “B” either acute inflammation or chronic inflammation and provide reason

A

A. acute inflammation- densely packed polymorphonuclear neutrophils with multiobed nuclei

B. Chronic inflammation- mononuclear leukocytes including lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and plasma cells

58
Q

acute inflammation

A
  1. numerous neutorphils
  2. Vasodilation - increased blood flow to affected area (transduction- fluid casuing edema)
  3. Exudate- plasma proteins
59
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A
  1. Influx of numerous mononuclear leukocytes
  2. INcreased extracellular matrix (collagen)
60
Q

Inflammation Response to incision with hemorrhage

A
  1. Coagulation stops hemorrhage: early events - humoarl (coagulation) and cellular (platelet, mast cells, neutrophils, and endothelial) activation
  2. Neutophils follow chemotactic gradient to sites of injury
  3. Monocytes enter sites of acute inflammation and initially realease factors similar to neurtrophils
  4. Monocytes transform into macrophages that are phagocytic and secrete cytokines that attract lymphocytes
61
Q

endothelial proliferation after injury to the skin leads to

A

new capillaries grow into devitalized tissue to supply oxygen and nutrients for repair

62
Q

granulation tissue

A

stage of repair characterized ny new capillaries in young fibrous tissue

63
Q

residual collagen at site of injury

A

scab

64
Q

Fibrosis caused by cell/tissue injury can/cannot contriubute to long term morbidity

A

can

65
Q

What does A and B point to?

A

a. nodules of regerneating hepatocytes
b. fibrosis

example of how bibrosis caused by cell/tissue injury can lead to long term morbidity ex shown is liver cirrhosis (common in alcholoics and hep C patients)

66
Q

thrombosis

A

activation of circulating platelets and coagulation factors ; occurs when endothelial contimutiu is lost or blood flow is reduced

67
Q

inadequate thrombosis

A

can cause hemorrhagic diseases

68
Q

thrombosis that obstructs normal flow

A

ischemic disease

69
Q

embolization causes

A

thromboembolic disease

70
Q

lower extremity deep vein thrombosis causes

A
  1. stasis
  2. vascular
  3. hypercoagulability
  4. advanced age
  5. sickle cell disease
71
Q

lower extremity deep vein thrombosis outcomes

A
  1. lysis- break down
  2. propagation - move through
  3. organization- may become a permanent part of the body
  4. recanalization- new passage way forms through the thrombus
  5. embolization- pieces can berak off
72
Q

partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test

A

blood test that measures the time it take for blood to clot (developed by UNC in 1952)

  • find a cause of abnormal bleeding or bruising
  • check for low levels of blood clotting factors that may cause bleeding disorders such as hemophilia
  • check for conditions that cause excess clotting problems thrombophilia
  • check if it is safe to do a procedure or surgery that might cause bleeding
  • check how well the liver is working
73
Q

teratogen and example

A

a factor that casues malformation of an embryo

ex. microcephaly induced by maternal zika virus infection

74
Q

morphogenesis

A

the origin of formation and development

75
Q

autosomal dominant polycystic kidney diseas (ADPKD)

A

genetic abnormal morphogenesis, 1:500, 10% of end stage kidney diseas in the USA, caused by mutations in genes for porteins involved in primary cilium function, cell cycle regualtion and intracellular calcium transport in epithelial cells

76
Q

agenesis

A

complete absence of an organ or component of an organ

77
Q

aplasia

A

persistence of an underdeveloped organ wihtout the mature organ; does not funcation normally

78
Q

hypoplasia

A

reduced size caused by incomplete development ex. microcephaly

79
Q

atresia

A

incomplete formation of a lumen

80
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal tissue differentiation during development

81
Q

ectopia

A

normally formed organ that is outside its normal anatomic location

82
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

the most common lethel autosomal recessie disorder in whites

defective chloride fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)

83
Q

cystic fibrosis is characterized by

A
  • chronic pulmonary disease
  • deficient exocrine pancreatic function
  • other complications of inspissated (thick) mucus in multiple organs
84
Q

Both photos are histological slides from the pancreas… which one (A or B) has cystic fibrosis?

A

B

85
Q

What pathology is shown in this gross and micro photo of the lung?

A

cystic fibrosis

86
Q

Question 1. The increased number of glandular cells in the breast of this pregnant woman can be described by which of the following terms?

a. Hypertrophic
b. Hyperplastic
c. Dysplastic
d. Neoplastic

A

b. Hyperplastic

87
Q

Question 2. This patient’s uterus has dramatically increased in size during pregnancy. Which of the following terms describes the physiologic process(es) involved with this increased size?

a. Hypertrophy
b. Hyperplasia
c. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
d. Neoplasia

A

a.Hypertrophy

88
Q

Question 5. Metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium in this patient is:

a) An adaptive response of tissue with little risk of dysplasia or malignant transformation occurring in the area
b) An irreversible cellular change caused by harmful components in smoke
c) A reversible adaptation to harmful components in smoke
d) A site of inevitable eventual development of carcinoma

A

b)An irreversible cellular change caused by harmful components in smoke

89
Q

Question 6. Microscopically, this squamous cell carcinoma has irregular islands of neoplastic epithelial cells surrounded by non-neoplastic fibrous stroma, which is what makes carcinomas firm. The fibrous tissue results from:

a) Hyperplasia
b) Desmoplasia
c) Dysplasia
d) Metaplasia

A

b)Desmoplasia

90
Q

Question 2 The formation of capillaries in the healing tissue is most directly associated with proliferation of which cell type?

a. neutrophils
b. endothelial cells
c. macrophages
d. fibroblasts

A

b.endothelial cells

91
Q

Question 2 The repair of necrosis in the heart is very different from that in the liver because of:

a. different growth factors at the two sites
b. different nutritional status of the organs
c. different oxygen requirements of the organs
d. different proliferative capacity of cells

A

d.different proliferative capacity of cells

92
Q

Question 1. The function of the CFTR gene product is which of the following

a. a cAMP regulated chloride channel
b. a cell permeability regulator
c. an iron transport protein
d. a sodium/potassium exchange channel

A

a.a cAMP regulated chloride channel

93
Q

Question 2. Essentially all the pathophysiology associated with CFTR defects can be most directly explained by which of the following

a. decreased hydration of mucus secretions
b. decreased secretion of chloride and hence increased water reabsorption by epithelial cells.
c. excessive transport of CFTR protein to the cell membrane
d. increased secretion of chloride and hence increased water reabsorption by epithelial cells.

A

a.decreased hydration of mucus secretions

94
Q

Question 4. CF is the most common lethal autosomal recessive gene in which racial/ethnic group ?

a. Asian
b. African-American
c. Found at equal frequency in all racial/ethnic groups
d. Caucasian

A

d.Caucasian

95
Q

Question 3. The most common cause of death in CF patients is which of the following ?

a. biliary cirrhosis
b. distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (scarring, adhesions impaction and intussusception)
c. end stage lung disease
d. pancreatic insufficiency & nutritional failure

A

c.end stage lung disease

96
Q

what type of necrosis ?

A

fat necrosis

97
Q

what type of necrosis ?

A

liquifactive

98
Q

what type of necrosis ?

A

caseous

POM Exam II (11 decks)

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