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Phase 1 - S4 Nervous System > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 ways in which microbes can get into the CNS

A
  • direct spread
  • blood-borne spread
  • iatrogenic
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2
Q

What is meningitis

A

Inflammation of the leptomeninges

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3
Q

What are the leptomeninges

A

The pia and arachnoid

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4
Q

What is the causative organism of meningitis in neonates

A

E.coli

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5
Q

What is the causative organism of meningitis in 2-5 year olds

A

H. Influenzae

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6
Q

What is the causative organism of meningitis in 5-30 year olds

A

N. Meningitidis

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7
Q

What is the causative organism of meningitis in over 30 years

A

S. Pneumoniae

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8
Q

What are the complications of meningitis

A

Raised intracranial pressure leading to death
Cerebral abscess
Subdural empyema
Cerebral infarction

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9
Q

What is encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain parenchyma with the virus causing neuronal cell death

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10
Q

Which lobe does the herpes virus affect in encephalitis

A

Temporal lobe

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11
Q

Where does the poliovirus affect in encephalitis

A

Spinal cord motor neurones

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12
Q

Where does rabies affect in the CNS in encephalitis

A

The brainstem

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13
Q

What compensation mechanisms are there to help reduce intracranial pressure

A

Reduction in blood flow
Reduction in CSF volume
Brain atrophy

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14
Q

What a re the 3 types of brain herniation due to raised intracranial pressure

A

Subfalcine
Tentorial
Tonsilar

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15
Q

what is a subfalcine herniation

A

where the cingulate gyrus is pushed under the edge of the falx cerebri

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16
Q

what vessel is compressed in a subfalcine herniation

A

anterior cerebral artery

17
Q

what is a tentorial herniation

A

where the uncus of the temporal lobe is pushed through the tentorial notch

18
Q

what nerve is damaged in a tentorial herniation

A

oculomotor nerve

19
Q

what vessels are occluded in a tentorial herniation

A

superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral arteries

20
Q

what is a tonsilar herniation

A

where the cerebellar tonsils are pushed into foramen mags, compressing the brainstem

21
Q

what is a stroke

A

a sudden event producing disturbances CNS function due to vascular disease

22
Q

what are the risk factors for a stroke

A

high bp, diabetes, male, elderly

23
Q

what causes intracerebral haemorrhage

A

hypertensive vessel disease

24
Q

what causes subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

bursting of a berry aneurysm

25
Q

what are prions

A

proteins needed for synaptic function

26
Q

what is the pathology behind Alzheimers

A

tau proteins climb together forming plaques which have an amyloid centre. this causes neuronal damage and cell death

Phase 1 - S4 Nervous System (15 decks)

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