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STEP > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

LAD 2

A

Low Sialyl Lewis – margination/rolling defece

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2
Q

E selectin involved in

A

Margination/rolling – vascular

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3
Q

E selectin upregulated by

A

TNF and IL1

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4
Q

P selectin involved in

A

Margination/rolling – vascular

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5
Q

P selectin released from

A

Weibel Palade bodies

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6
Q

GlyCAM-1 involved in

A

Margination/rolling – vascular

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7
Q

CD34 involved in

A

Margination/rolling – vascular

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8
Q

Binds selectins on vascular surface

A

Sialyl-Lewis

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9
Q

Binds GlyCAM1/CD34

A

L selectin on WBCs

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10
Q

ICAM 1 (CD54)

A

Tight binding – vasculature

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11
Q

VCAM-1 (CD106)

A

Tight binding – vasculature

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12
Q

CD11/18 integrins

A

Tight binding – leuk (binds ICAM)

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13
Q

VLA4 integrin

A

Tight binding – leuk (Binds VCAM)

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14
Q

LAD 1

A

Defective tight adhesion – CD18 low

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15
Q

PECAM-1 (CD31)

A

On both leuks and vasculature – diapedisis

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16
Q

PDGF

A

Secreted by activated plts/macs

Induces vascular remodeling, smooth muscle cell migration, stimulates fibroblast growth for collagen synth

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17
Q

FGF

A

Stims angiogenesis

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18
Q

EGF

A

Stimulates cell growth via TKs (EGFR/ErbB1)

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19
Q

TGFB

A

Angiogenesis, fibrosis

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20
Q

Metalloproteinases

A

Tissue remodeling

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21
Q

VEGF

A

Stimulates angiogenesis

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22
Q

Proliferative phase healing – what deficiencies will prolong?

A

Vitamin C, copper

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23
Q

Remodeling phase healing – what deficiencies will prolong?

A

ZInc

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24
Q

Granuloma formation

A

Th1 release IFN gamma –> activates macs who release TNF –> maintains granuloma

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25
Q

Acanthosis nigricans as pnp syndrome

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma (more often obesity/insulin resistance)

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26
Q

Sign of leser-trelat

A

Multiple suddent seborrheic keratoses associated w/ gastric adenocarinoma

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27
Q

Hypercalcemia due to PTHrP

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of lung, head, neck; renal, bladder, breast, ovarian carcinomas

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28
Q

Hypercalcemia due to high 1,25 Vit D

A

Lymphoma

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29
Q

Cushing syndrome as pnp syndrome

A

Small cell lung cancer

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30
Q

SIADH as pnp syndrome

A

Small cell lung cancer

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31
Q

Polycythemia as pnp syndrome

A

High EPO from renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, hemangioblastoma, pheochromocytoma, leiomyoma

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32
Q

Pure red cell aplasia

A

Anemia with low retics – thymoma

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33
Q

Good syndrome

A

Hypogammaglobulinemia – thymoma

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34
Q

Trosseau syndrome

A

Migratory superficial thrombophelbitis – adenocarcinoma, esp. pancreatic

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35
Q

Nonbacterial thrombotic (marantic) endocarditis

A

Deposition of sterile plt thrombi on hrt valves as in adenocarcinoma, esp. pancreatic

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36
Q

Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis

A

Psychiatric disturbance, memory deficits, seizures, dyskinesias, autonomic instability, seen in ovarian teratoma

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37
Q

Opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome

A

Dancing eyes/feet as in neuroblastoma in children and small cell lung CA in adults

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38
Q

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration

A

Abs to Purkinje cells as in Small cell lung cancer (Hu), gynecologic/breast cancers (Yo), Hodgrikin lymphoma (Tr)

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39
Q

Anti-Hu

A

Small cell lung cancer – paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration

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40
Q

Anti-Yo

A

Gynecologic/breast cancers – paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration

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41
Q

Anti-Tr

A

Hodgkin lymphoma – paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration

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42
Q

Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis

A

Anti-Hu in small cell lung cancer against neurons

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43
Q

Lambert-Eaton mysasthenic syndrome

A

Abs against presynaptic Ca channels at NMJ – in small cell lung cancer

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44
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Abs against postsynaptic ACh receptors at NMJ – thymoma

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45
Q

ALK

A

Oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase – lung adenocarcinoma

46
Q

BCR-ABL

A

Oncogene tyrosine kinase – CML, ALL

47
Q

BCL2

A

Oncogene antiapoptotic molecule – follicular and diffuse large B cell lymphomas

48
Q

BRAF

A

Oncogene serine/threonine kinase – melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma

49
Q

c-KIT

A

Oncogene cytokine receptor – Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

50
Q

c-MYC

A

Oncogene transcription factor – Burkitt lymphoma

51
Q

HER2/neu (c-erbB2)

A

Oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase – breast and gastric carcinomas

52
Q

JAK2

A

Oncogene TK – Chronic myeloprolif disorders

53
Q

KRAS

A

Oncogene GTPase – colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer

54
Q

MYCL1

A

Oncogene transcription factor – lung tumor

55
Q

MYCN

A

Oncogene transcription factor – neuroblastoma

56
Q

RET

A

Oncogene rTK – MEN2A, MEN2B, medullary thyroid cancer

57
Q

APC

A

Tumor suppressor that negatively regulates b-catenin/WNT — colorectal CA (assc w/ FAP)

58
Q

BRCA1/BRCA2

A

Tumor suppressor DNA repair protein – breast, ovarian, pancreatic cancer

59
Q

CDKN2A

A

Tumor suppressor p16 that blocks G1–>S – Melanoma, pancreatic cancer

60
Q

DCC

A

Tumor suppressor (deleted in colon cancer) – colon cancer

61
Q

DPC4/SMAD4

A

Tumor suppressor (deleted in pancreatic cancer) – pancreatic cancer

62
Q

MEN1

A

Tumor suppressor menin – MEN1

63
Q

NF1

A

Tumor suppressor neurofibromin (Ras GTPase activating protein) – NF1

64
Q

NF2

A

Tumor suppressor merlin (schwannomin) – NF2

65
Q

PTEN

A

Tumor suppressor tyrosine phophatase of PIP3 (protein kinase B activation) – breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer

66
Q

Rb

A

Tumor suppressor inhibits E2F to block G1–>S – retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma

67
Q

TP53

A

Tumor suppressor for p53 which activates p21 to block G1–>S – most human cancers, assc w/ Li-Fraumeni syndrome (multiple malignancies at early age – SBLA: sarcoma, breast, leukemia, adrenal gland)

68
Q

TSC1

A

Tumor suppressor hamartin protein – tuberous sclerosis

69
Q

TSC2

A

Tumor suppressor tuberin protein – tuberous sclerosis

70
Q

VHL

A

Tumor suppressor that inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a – assc w/ VHL

71
Q

WT1

A

Tumor suppressor transcription factor that regulates urogenital development – Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)

72
Q

EBV cancer

A

Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 1o CNS lymphoma in immunocompromised

73
Q

HBV/HCV cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

74
Q

HHV-8 cancer

A

Kaposi sarcoma

75
Q

HPV cancer

A

Cervical, penile/anal carcinoma, head and neck

76
Q

H pylori cancer

A

Gastric adenocarinoma and MALT lymphoma

77
Q

HTLV1 cancer

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

78
Q

Liver fluke (clonorchis sinesis) cancer

A

Cholangiosarcoma

79
Q

Shicstosoma haematobium cancer

A

Bladder CA (squamous cell)

80
Q

Aflatoxins (aspergillus) CA

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

81
Q

Alkylating agents CA

A

Leukemia/lymphoma

82
Q

Aromatic amides (e.g. benzidines, 2 napthylamine) CA

A

Transitional cell carcinoma (bladder)

83
Q

Arsenic CA

A

Liver angiosarcoma, lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma

84
Q

Asbestos CA

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma>Mesothelioma

85
Q

Carbon tetrachloride CA

A

Liver centrilobular necrosis/fatty change

86
Q

Cigarette CA

A

Bladder transitional cell carcinoma,
Cervical carcinoma
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma/adenocarcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Lung squamous cell and small cell carcinoma
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

87
Q

Ethanol CA

A

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma

88
Q

Ionizing radiation CA

A

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

89
Q

Nitrosamines CA

A

Gastric CA

90
Q

Radon CA

A

Lung cancer

91
Q

Vinyl chloride CA

A

Liver angiosarcoma

92
Q

Psamomma body CAs

A

Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
Meningioma
Malignant mesothelioma

93
Q

ALP CA

A

Metastases to bone or liver, Paget disease of bone, seminoma (placental) – exclude hepatic origin by checking LFTs and GGT

94
Q

AFP CA

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, yolk sac (endodermal sinus), mixed germ cell – normally made by fetus and transiently high in pregnancy (high – NTD, abdominal wall defect, low – tri21)

95
Q

B-hCG CA

A

Hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas (gestational trophoblastic disease), testicular CA, mixed germ cell – made by syncytiotrophoblasts of placenta

96
Q

CA153/CA 27-29 CA

A

Breast cancer

97
Q

CA 19-9 CA

A

Panceratic adenocarcinoma

98
Q

CA125 CA

A

OVarian cancer

99
Q

Calcitonin CA

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

100
Q

CEA CA

A

MAJOR – colorectal and pancreatic

Minor – gastric, breast, medullary thyroid carcinomas

101
Q

Chromogranin CA

A

Neuroendocrine tumors (e.g. pheochromocytoma, lung carcinoid tumor)

102
Q

PSA

A

Prostate cancer (but can also be elevated in BPH and prostatitis)

103
Q

P-glycoprotein

A

MDR1 – adrenocortical carcinoma (and others like colon, liver) – pumps out chemo agents)

104
Q

Cytokines mediating cachexia

A

TNF, IFN gamma, IL1, IL6

105
Q

Sarcoma spread

A

Hematogenous

106
Q

Carcinoma spread

107
Q

Carcinomas that spread hematogenous

A

Follicular thyroid carcinoma, Choriocarcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma

Four Carcinomas Route Hematogenously

108
Q

Brain met origins

A
  1. lung 2. breast 3. melanoma/kidney

Often multiple well circumscribed at grey/white jxn

109
Q

Liver met origins

A
  1. colon 2. stomach 3. pancreas
110
Q

Bone met origins

A
  1. prostate (blastic)/breast(mixed), 2(all lytic). lung, thyroid, kidney
    Usually axial skeleton

STEP (15 decks)

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