Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

STEP > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Capsule in B Anthracis

A

Poly D glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endotoxin mediates effects via

A

Lipid A activation of TNF, IL1, IL6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Outermembrane unique to

A

Gram -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lipoteichoic acid unique to

A

Gram +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lipoteichoic acid induces

A

TNF alpha and IL1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Staphhylococcus

A

Gram + coccus in clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Streptococcus

A

Gram + coccus in chains/pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Enterococcus

A

Gram + coccus in pairs or short chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bacillus

A

Gram + rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Clostridium

A

Gram + rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Corynebacterium

A

Gram + rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gardnerella

A

Gram variable rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lacobacillus

A

Gram + rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Listeria

A

Gram + rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mycobacterium

A

Acid fast rod (gram+?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Propionibacterium

A

Gram + rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Actinomyces

A

Branching rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nocardia

A

Weakly acid fast branching/filamentous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Moraxella

A

Gram - coccus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neisseria

A

Gram - coccus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bacteroides

A

Gram - enteric rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Campylobacter

A

Gram - enteric rod (comma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fusobacterium

A

Gram - enteric rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Helicobacter

A

Gram - enteric rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Klebsiella

A

Gram - enteric rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Proteus

A

Gram - enteric rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Pseudomonas

A

Gram - enteric rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Salmonella

A

Gram - enteric rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Serratia

A

Gram - enteric rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Shigella

A

Gram - enteric rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Vibrio

A

Gram - enteric rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Yersinia

A

Gram - enteric rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Bordetella

A

Gram - respiratory rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Burkholderia

A

Gram - respiratory rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Haemophilus

A

Gram - respiratory rod (pleomorphic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Leigionella

A

Gram - respiratory rod (silver stain to see)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Bartonella

A

Gram - zoonotic rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Brucella

A

Gram - zoonotic rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Francisella

A

Gram - zoonotic rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Pasteurella

A

Gram - zoonotic rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Anaplasma

A

Gram - pleomorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Ehrlichia

A

Gram - pleomorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Chlamydiae

A

Gram - pleomorphic – giemsa stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Rickettsiae

A

Gram - pleomorphic – giemsa stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Mycoplasma

A

Gram - pleomorphic (membrane has sterols that do not gram stain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Borrielia

A

Gram - spirochete (Giemsa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Leptospira

A

Gram - spirochete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Treponema

A

Gram - spirochete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Bugs that don’t gram stain well

A

Treponema, Leptospira (too thin);
Mycobacteria (high lipid in cell wall);
Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma (no cell wall);
Legionella, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Bartonella, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia (Primarily intracellular)

These Little Microbe May Unfortunately Lack Real Color But Are Everywhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Giemsa stain bugs

A

Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

PAS bug

A

Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Ziehl Neelson stain bugs

A

Acid-fast – Mycobacteria, Nocardia (stains mycolic acid in cell wall)
Cryptosporidium oocysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

India Ink (and alternative)

A

Cryptococcus neoformans, mucicarmine can also stain capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Silver stain

A

Coccioides, PCP, Legionella, H. Pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

H Flu media

A

Chocolate – Factor V (NAD) and X (hematin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

N. Gonorrhoeae and meningitidis media

A

Thayer Martin – selectively inhibits gram + w/ Vanco and other gram - w/ TMP and Colistin and fungi w/ Nystatin

Very Typically Cultures Neisseria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

B Pertussis media

A

Bordet-Gengou – potato extract

Regan-Lowe – Charcoal, blood, antibiotic

58
Q

C. diptheriae media

A

Tellurite agar, Loffler medium

59
Q

M tuberculosis media

A

Lowenstein-Jensen

60
Q

M pneumoniae media

A

Eaton agar (req cholesterol)

61
Q

MacConkey changes when…

A

Lactose fermenters produce acid –> pink

62
Q

E Coli media

A

Eosin-methylene blue – turn green metallic

63
Q

Legionella media

A

Charcoal yeast extract buffered with cysteine and iron

64
Q

Fungi media

65
Q

Important aerobes

A

Nocardia, Pseudomonas, MycoBacterium tuberculosis

Nagging Pests Must Breath

66
Q

Important anaerobes

A

Clostridium, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces

anaerobes Can’t Breath Fresh Air

67
Q

Abx ineffective against anaerobes

A

Aminoglycocides because require O2 to enter cell

68
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Strep, staph, enteric gram +

69
Q

Obligate intracellulars

A

Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Coxiella

stay inside when its Really CHilly and COld

70
Q

Facultative intraceullars

A

Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia pestis

Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY

71
Q

Encapsulated bacteria

A

Pseudomonas, Strep pneumo, H. flu type B, Neisseria meningtidis, E. coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, gb Strep

Please SHINE my SKiS
Capitalized in pneumococcal vacine (13-conjugate, 23-no conjugate), H flu (con. vaccine), Meningococcal vax (conjugate)

72
Q

Urease pos

A

Proteus, Cryptococcus, H pylori, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, Staph epi, Staph sapro

Pee CHUNKSS

73
Q

Catalase pos

A

Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candida, E coli, Staphylococci, Serratia, B cepacia, H pylori

Cats Need PLACESS to Belch their Hairballs

74
Q

Protein A fxn and bug

A

Fxn: Binds Fc of IgG to prevent opsonization/phagocytosis

S. aureus

75
Q

IgA protease fxn and bug

A

Cleaves IgA to allow colonization of mucous membranes

Strep pneumo, H flu type B, Neisseira (SHiN)

76
Q

M protein fxn and bug

A

Prevents phagocytosis by molecular mimicry –> acute rheumatic fever

GAS

77
Q

Type 3 secretion bugs

A

Gram - –> Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, E coli

78
Q

Specialized transduction

A

group A strep erythrogenic toxin, Botulinum toxin, Cholera toxin, Diptheria toxin, Shiga toxin

ABCD’S

79
Q

How staph becomes vanc resistant

A

Transposition of VanA gene from VRE

80
Q

Core of spores have

A

Dipicolinic acid

81
Q

Spore forming bacteria

A

Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), bacillus cereus (food poisoning), clostridium botulinum (botulism), clostridium difficile (pseudomembranous colitis), clostridium perfrengens (gas gangrene), clostridium tetani (tetanus)

BC

82
Q

Exotoxins that inactivate EF 2

A

Diptheria toxin (c diptheriae) –> pharygitis w/ pseudomembranes and severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck)

and exotoxin A (pseudomonas) –> host cell death

83
Q

Exotoxins that inactivate 60s

A

Shiga toxin (shigella) –> GI mucosal damage –> dysentery (also cytokine release –> HUS)

and shiga-like toxin (EHEC O157H7) –> cytokine release –> HUS) – doesn’t invade host cells

84
Q

Exotoxins that cause increased cAMP

A

Heat labile toxin (ETEC) – overactivates AC –> increased cAMP –> increased Cl secretion and H2O efflux –>watery diarhhea
(Labile in the Air)

Edema toxin (b anthracis) – mimics AC to increase cAMP –> edema around eschar in cutaneous anthrax

Cholera toxin (vibrio cholera) – overactivates AC by permanently activating Gs –> increased Cl secretion/H2O efflux –> rice water diarrhea

Pertussis toxin (b pertussis) –> overactivates AC by permanently inactivating Gi –> impairs phagocytosis –> whooping cough

85
Q

Exotoxins that cause increased cGMP

A

Heat stable toxin (ETEC) – overactivates GC –> incrased cGMP –> less NaCl/H2O reabsorption –> watery diarrhea
(Stable on the Ground)

86
Q

Exotoxins that cleave SNARE

A

Tetanospasmi (c tetani) –> prevents release of inhibitory GABA in Renshaw cells –> spastic paralysis, risus sardonicus, and lockjaw

Botulinum toxin (c botulinum) –> prevents release of stimulatory ACh at NMJ –> flaccid paralysis/floppy baby

87
Q

Exotoxins that degrade cell membranes

A

Alpha toxin (c perfringens) – phospholipase degrades cell membranes –> myonecrosis and hemolysis

Streptolysin O (s. pyogenes) -- degrades cell membranes --> RBC lysis 
(Basis for ASO abs)
88
Q

Exotoxins that are superantigens

A

Toxic shock syndrome toxin (s. aureus) – binds to MHC II and TCR to cause release of IL1, IL2 IFN gamma, TNF alpha –> fever, rash, shock

Exotoxin A (s pyogenes) – same but also scarlet fever

89
Q

Main effects of endotoxin

A
  1. Macrophage activation (TLR4) –> fever (IL1, IL6, TNF alpha), hypotension (TNF alpha, NO)
  2. Complement activation –> histamine release –> hypotension/edema (C3a, C5a), neutrophil chemotaxis (C5a)
  3. Tissue factor activation –> coagulation cascade –> DIC
90
Q

Differentiate staph

A
  1. Cat positive (df from strep)
  2. Coag (pos – aureus) negV
  3. Novobiocin (sens – epi, resistant – sapro)
91
Q

Differentiate strep

A
  1. Cat negative (df from staph)
  2. alpha hemolytic
    optochin sens – pneumo, opto res – viridans
    beta hemolytic
    bacitracin sens – GAS, bacitracin res – GBS
    gamma hemolytic
    grows in 6.5% NaCl – Group D enterococcus
    won’t grow in 6.5% NaCl – Strep bovis
92
Q

Lactose fermenting bacteria

A

Turn MacConkeey’s pink
FAST: E coli, Klebsiella, enterobacter
SLOW: Serratia, citrobacter

93
Q

EMB agar

A

Lactose fermenters turn purple/black except E coli which is green

94
Q

False positive VRDLs

A

Viral infxns (EBV/hepatitis)
Drugs
Rheumatic fever
Lupus and leprosy

VRDL

95
Q

Palm and soles rash

A

Coxsackie A (HFM)
RMSF
2o Syphillis

CARS

96
Q

Tx of t cruzi

A

Benznidazole or nifurtimox

97
Q

Tx of leismaniaiasis

A

Visceral: amphotericin

Cut.: Sodium stibogluconate

98
Q

Tx of malaira

A

Chloroquine but lots of resistance (blocks plasmodium heme polymerase)
Primaquine
Mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil for prevention/tx of resistant strains
IV Artesunate or quinidine for falciprum cerebral malaria

99
Q

Tx of african sleeping sickness

A

Suramin for blood born (SERUM)

Melarsoprol for CNS penetration

100
Q

Tx of toxo

A

Sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine

101
Q

Inegested nematodes

A

Enterobius, Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichinella (Don’t EATT them)

102
Q

Cutaneous nematodes

A

Strogyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator (Walking in the SANd)

103
Q

Nematodes by bite

A

Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Wucharia bancrofti

Lay LOW and don’t get bit

104
Q

Weird nematode txs

A

Those that are in addition to bendazoles:
Enterobius vermicularis – pyrantel palmoate
Ancylostoma and necator – pyrantel palmoate
Strongyloides – ivermectin

Instead of bendazoles:
Onchocerca volvulus – ivermectin
Wucheria bancrofti – diethycarbamazine
Loa loa – diethylcarbamazine

105
Q

Weird taenia soleum tx

A

Neurocysticercosis – albendazole

106
Q

Billiary tract disease, cholangiocarcinoma

A

Clonorchis sinensis

107
Q

Brain cysts, seizures

A

Taenia solium (neurocystocercosis)

108
Q

Hematuria, squamous cell bladder cancer

A

Schistosoma haematobium

109
Q

Liver (hyatid) cysts

A

Echinococcus granulosis

110
Q

Microcytic anemia

A

Ancylostoma, necator

111
Q

Myalgias, periorbital edema

A

Trichinella spiralis

112
Q

Perianal pruritis

A

Enterobius vermicularis

113
Q

Portal hypertension

A

Schistosoma mansoni, japonicum

114
Q

Vit B12 def

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

115
Q

Live attenuated vaccines

A

MMR, Yellowfever, Rotavirus, Influenza (intranasal), Chickenpox (VZV), Small pox, Sabin polio virus

Music and LYRICCS are best enjoyed LIVE

116
Q

Killed vax

A

Rabies, Influenza (shot), Salk Polio vax, HAV (humoral immunity only – stable)

SalK=Killed
RIP Always

117
Q

Subunit vax

A

HBV (HbsAg), HPV (6,11,16,18)

118
Q

Only ssDNA virus

A

Parvo “part-of-a-virus”

119
Q

Only circular DNA viruses

A

Papilloma, Polyoma, Hepadnavirus

120
Q

+ RNA genome viruses

A 
Retro
Toga
Flavi
Corona
Hepe
Cali
Picorna

“I went to a RETRO TOGA party where I drank FLAVORED CORONA and ate HIPPIE CALIFORNIA PICKLES”

121
Q

Only dsRNA virus

A

Reo “Repeato”

122
Q

Naked genome infectious

A

most dsDNA (not pox or HBV) and + ssRNA

123
Q

Only DNA virus that replicates elsewhere

A

Pox in the cytoplasm

124
Q

Only RNA virus that replicates elsewhere

A

Influenza and retroviruses

125
Q

DNA viruses

A

Hepadna, Herpes, Adeno, Pox, Parvo, Papilloma, Polyoma

HHAPPPPy

126
Q

Only non-icosahedral DNA virus

A

Pox (complex)

127
Q

CMV receptor

A

Integrins (heparin sulfate)

128
Q

EBV receptor

129
Q

HIV receptors

A

CD4, CCR5, CXCR4

130
Q

ParvoB19 receptors

A

P antigen on RBCs

131
Q

Rabies receptors

A

Nicotinic AChR

132
Q

Rhinovirus receptors

133
Q

Inclusions in HSV/VZV

A

Intranuclear eosinophilic Cowdry A bodies

134
Q

Negative stranded viruses

A

Arenavirus, Bunyavirus, Paramyxovirus, Orthomyxovirus, Filovirus, Rhabdovirus

Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication

135
Q

Segmented viruses

A

Bunyavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Arenavirus, Reovirus

BOAR

136
Q

Picornaviruses

A

Poliovirus, Echovirus, Rhinovirus, Coxsackievirus, HAV

PERCH

137
Q

Picornavirus that cannot cause asepctic meningitis

A

HAV, rhinovirus

138
Q

Genetic shift

A

Reassortment of viral genome segments w/ different strains (pandemics)

139
Q

Genetic drift

A

Minor changes based on random mutation in HA or NA genes (epidemics)

140
Q

CD4 <500 bugs

A

Candida thrust
EBV oral hairy leukoplakia
Bartonella henslae bacillary angiomatosis (neutrophilic inflam)
HHV8 Kaposi sarcoma (lymphocytic inflam)
HPV SCC, often of anus in MSM or cervix of women

141
Q

CD4<200 bugs

A

DIsseminated histo
HIV dementia
JC virus reactivation –> PML
PCP pneumonia

142
Q

CD4<100 bugs

A 
Aspergillus systemic
Candida esophagitis
CMV retinitis, esophagitis, colitis, pneumonitis, encephalitis
Cryptococcus meningitis
Cryptosporidium diarrhea
MAC -- TB like
Toxo -- brain abcesses

STEP (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions