Pathology

Question 1

What is Arthelosclerosis

Answer 1

Progressive disease characterized by buildup of plaque within the arteries

Question 2

What is the primary event in athelosclerosis?

Answer 2

Damage caused to the endothelium of arterial walls resulting in endothelium dysfunction

Question 3

Progression of plaques

Answer 3

Normal
Fatty streak
Fibrous plaque
Atherosclerotic plaque 
Plaque rupture/fissure and thrombosis

Question 4

What is Dyslipidaemia

Answer 4

Raised LDL and triglyceride levels, low HDL levels

Question 5

Why does severe hypertriglyceridaemia increase risk of Pancreatitis and not CVD

Answer 5

elevated triglycerides may have accompanying dyslipidaemias that increase the risk for CHD (e.g. familial combined hyperlipidaemia or diabetic dyslipidaemia). Severe hypertriglyceridaemia (>1000 mg/dl, 11.3 mmol/l), possibly due to chylomicrons and large forms of VLDL, increases the risk of pancreatitis but not CHD, as chylomicrons and VLDL are too large to enter the arterial wall.

Question 6

What can lower HDL levels?

Answer 6

A atherogenetic lifestyle such as smoking, obesity and physical inactivity

Question 7

Main enzyme in the lipolysis of large vLDL

Answer 7

Lipoprotein lipase is the main enzyme used in the lipolysis of large VLDL particles, whereas hepatic lipase reacts with the small VLDL and IDL particles.

Question 8

What can cause a 10% reduction in serum cholesterol concentration?

Answer 8

Lifestyle change. This lowers the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) by 50% at age 40, falling to 20% at age 70.

Question 9

Which LDL is targeted for intervention?

Answer 9

LDL-2

Question 10

What organs are susceptible to embolism and infarction?

Answer 10

Heart, Brain (Stroke), Small Bowel Infarction

Question 11

Vessels prone to thrombosis?

Answer 11

Branching vessels like - 
Common carotids
Coronary vessels
Superior mesenteric artery 
Renal arteries

Question 12

Causes of secondary hypertension

Answer 12

Renal disease
Endocrine disease
Aortic disease
Renal artery stenosis
Drug therapy

Question 13

Layers of Adrenal Cortex and hormones secreted

Answer 13

Zona Glomerulosa - Outer, production of mineralocorticosteroids (Aldosterone)
Zona Fasciculata - Middle, production of Glucocorticoids and cortisols
Zona Reticularis - Innermost, Androgens

Question 14

What is the diastolic pressure in malignant hypertension?

Answer 14

> 130/140 mmHG

Question 15

What chemotherapy agent can cause Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 15

Doxorubicin

Question 16

Is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy systolic or diastolic dysfunction?

Answer 16

Diastolic as contraction (systole) is fine

Question 17

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy is a diastolic or systolic dysfunction?

Answer 17

It is a diastolic dysfunction as heart can’t fill as well

Question 18

Causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 18

Amyloid
Sarcoid
Tumours
Fibrosis
Metabolic products - Iron

Question 19

Classic feature of rheumatic fever causing non infectious myocarditis

Answer 19

Classic mitral stenosis with thickening and fusion of valve leaflets

Question 20

What valves are mainly affected in drug users in infectious endocarditis?

Answer 20

Right sided valves

Question 21

What are vegetations in infectious endocarditis?

Answer 21

Aggregates of organisms on heart valves called vegetations
Bacteria excite acute inflammation and bacterial and inflammatory cell products digest the valve leaflets
Vegetations are also friable and can cause emboli

Question 22

What endocarditis is associated with SLE

Answer 22

Libman - Sacks endocarditis

Question 23

What is an example of a tumour of the heart?

Answer 23

Anatrial myxomais a noncancerous (benign) tumor in the upper left or right side of the heart. It most often grows on the wall that separates the two sides of the heart. This wall is called theatrialseptum.