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Cardiology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How is the mediastinum divided?

A 
Superior - Above heart
Inferior divided into;
Anterior
Middle (Location of heart)
Posterior
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2
Q

How is the pericardium divided?

A

Fibrous - Outer, thick, tough layer
Prevents overfilling and protective
Serous - Visceral and parietal
Secretes serous fluid

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3
Q

Tissue layers of the heart

A 
external – Epicardium
visceral serous pericardium
middle – Myocardium
muscle layer
internal – Endocardium
internal lining
continuous with endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart
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4
Q

What forms the majority of the anterior surface of the heart?

A

The right ventricle

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5
Q

What is the inferior surface of the heart also known as?

A

Diaphragmatic surface - Rests on the diaphragm

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6
Q

What forms the majority of the posterior surface of the heart?

A

Right and left atrium

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7
Q

What forms the majority of the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium

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8
Q

What forms the majority of the left border of the heart?

A

Left venticle

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9
Q

What are the four valves?

A 
Tricuspid valve (between right atrium and right ventricle)
Pulmonary valve (between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk)
Mitral (bicuspid) valve (between left atrium and left ventricle)
Aortic valve (between left ventricle and aorta)
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10
Q

What travels through the intraventricular septum?

A

The left and right bundle branch

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11
Q

The thoracolumbar nerves can be divided into

A

Cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

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12
Q

What does the cardiac plexus consists of

A

sympathetic fibres
parasympathetic fibres
visceral afferent fibres

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13
Q

What nerves constitute the sympathetic nerves

A

L1 to T2/3

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14
Q

What nerves constitute the parasympathetic nerves

A 
CN III (oculomotor nerve)
CN VII (facial nerve)
CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
CN X (vagus nerve)
Sacral spinal nerves
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15
Q

What division of the ANS are pelvic splanchnic nerves

A

PELvic splanchnic nerves are PARAsympathetic

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16
Q

Pain associated with viscera such as heart, great vessels, oesophagus

A

Nature is more typically dull, aching, nauseating, poorly localised. Route visceral afferents take from heart via neck & upper thoracic regions of trunk/cord leads to radiating and referred pain from the heart – due to lack of precision in route taken by visceral afferents to the spinal cord

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17
Q

Somatic pain such as muscular, joint, bone

A

Nature is typically sharp, stabbing, well localised

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18
Q

Why is somatic pain sharp and well localised?

A

Somatic pain sharp and well-localised due to precisely (somatotopically) organised pathways from periphery and projections to cerebral cortex.

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19
Q

APs arriving at the parietal lobe cause? (Postcentral gyrus)

A

APs arriving here bring body wall (somatic) sensations into “consciousness” (Somatosensory)

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20
Q

APs originating at the frontal lobe (Precentral gyrus)

A

APs originating here bring about contractions of body wall (somatic) skeletal muscle (Somatomotor)

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21
Q

What is the sensory homunculus?

A

The sensory homunculus illustrates the areas of the cerebral neocortex (the outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres) where sensations from different body wall structures (soma) reach consciousness.

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22
Q

Patient presents with pain preceeding blisters. Sharp central chest pain in T4/T5 dermatone

A

Herpes Zoster “Shingles”

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23
Q

Location of heart in mediastinum

A

Inferomedially

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24
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum

A

It is the remnant of ductus arteriosus connecting pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta

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25
Q

How do visceral afferent AP pass onto the cortex

A

Visceral afferent APs pass bilaterally to thalamus & hypothalamus then diffuse areas of the cortex

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26
Q

What do the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves carry

A

Sympathetic nerves to chest organs plus pain afferents from chest organs (which enter spinal cord which posterior rootlets)

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27
Q

The levels at which the visceral afferent enter the sympathetic trunks & spinal cord from the heart

A

Cervical ganglia and T1-T5 spinal nerves respectively

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28
Q

Cause of radiating pain

A

The radiation is to the dermatomes supplied by the spinal cord levels at which the cardiac visceral afferents enter the sympathetic chain/spinal cord i.e. BILATERALLY to cervical and upper thoracic dermatomes

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29
Q

What is referred pain?

A

In REFERRED PAIN, the sensation of pain is “felt” only at a site remote from the actual area of injury or disease. Due to afferent (sensory) fibres from soma and afferent (sensory) fibres from viscera (visceral afferents) entering the spinal cord at the same levels
The brain chooses to believe that the pain signals coming from the organ, are actually coming from the soma

30
Q

What layer(s) of the heart do the coronary vessels supply

A

Epicardium and myocardium

31
Q

Where do coronary arteries arise from

A

Ascending aorta, right and left sinuses

32
Q

The left anterior descending artery is also known as

A

Anterior interventricular artery

33
Q

Left coronary artery is also known as

A

Main stem coronary artery

34
Q

Most common coronary artery affected by atherosclerosis

A

Left Anterior Descending (LAD; 40-50%)
Right Coronary Artery ; 30-50%
Circumflex branch of left coronary artery; 15-20%

35
Q

Longest vein in the body

A

The great saphenous vein (GSV, alternately “long saphenous vein”) is a large, subcutaneous, superficial vein of the leg. It is the longest vein in the body, running along the length of the lower limb.

36
Q

Features of coronary artery bypass

A

Grafts anastomosed proximally to the ascending aorta

Grafts anastomosed to coronary artery distal to narrowing hence the narrowing is “bypassed”

37
Q

Commonly used grafts for coronary bypass

A 
Radial artery
Internal thoracic (internal mammary) artery (by pedicle)
38
Q

What artery generally supplies the conducting system

A

Right coronary artery; has AV nodal and SA nodal branches off the RCA

39
Q

Arterial blood supply of the interventricular septum

A

Left anterior descending supplies left side
Posterior interventricular artery supplies right side
Also supplies left and right bundle branches

40
Q

What is Dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

41
Q

What is the transverse thoracic plate

A

The thoracic or transthoracic plane is defined as a horizontal line that runs from the manubriosternal joint (sternal angle or angle of Louis) to the inferior endplate of T4

42
Q

Where does lymph from the left inferior lobe drain to?

A

In some patients the lymph from the left inferior lobe drains into the right lymphatic duct

43
Q

What are the common nodes enlarged in pulmonary diseases?

A

Tracheobronchial lymphnodes

Bronchopulmonary lymphnodes

44
Q

What is the Cisterna Chyli

A

The cisterna chyli is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct in most mammals into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow. It receives fatty chyle from the intestines and thus acts as a conduit for the lipid products of digestion. Located at L1 and L2

45
Q

How does the Vagus nerve get through the diaphragm

A

The vagus nerve passes through the diaphragm along with the oesophagus through the oesophageal hiatus

46
Q

How does the right Phrenic nerve get through the diaphragm

A

The Phrenic nerve passes through the diaphragm with the IVC to supply the diaphragm from inferior aspect. The left Phrenic nerve pierces the diaphragm

47
Q

What causes the double pulsation seen in JVP

A

Atrial contraction then filling of the right atrium against a closed tricuspid valve cause a “double pulsation” (pressure wave)

48
Q

Which of the recurrent laryngeal nerve enters the chest?

A

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve enters the chest; hooks under arch of aorta. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks under subclavian artery and doesn’t enter the chest

49
Q

What are recurrent laryngeal nerves?

A

Branches of the vagus nerve that supply the pharynx and larynx, once the vagus nerves have given off their recurrent laryngeal branches they contain only parasympathetic fibres

50
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Process in which an initial small hyaline cartilage grows and turns into bones (ossifies)

51
Q

Parts of a growing bone

A 
From top down - 
Epiphysis 
Epiphyseal growth plate
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
52
Q

Structure of bone

A

Outer Cortex - dense, heavy, compact bone

Inner Medulla - porous, lighter, spongy bone

53
Q

What is the periosteum

A

Fibrous connective tissue sleeve on bone

54
Q

Bones of the cranial vault (neurocranium)

A

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Sphenoid and Occipital

55
Q

Bones of facial skeleton (viscerocranium)

A

Nasal bone, Zygoma, Maxilla, Mandible

56
Q

Where is the temperomandibular joint?

A

At the condylar process

57
Q

Parts of vertebra column

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 4
58
Q

What joint is present between vertebrae?

A

Facet joint b/w two adjacent vertebrae

59
Q

What is the transverse foramen used for in vertebrae?

A

Passage of vertebral arteries

60
Q

Which cervial vertebrae has no body or spinous process?

A

C1 - Atlast

61
Q

Significance of the Atlanto-Axial joint

A

Consists of Atlas on top of Axis; allows rotation of the head

62
Q

Bones of upper limb

A

Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges

63
Q

Bones of lower limbs

A

Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

64
Q

Structure of skeletal muscles

A

Skeletal muscles - Fascicles - Muscle fibres - Myofibrils - Actin and Myosin

65
Q

Types of skeletal muscles

A 
Circular - Orbicularis oculi 
Pennate - Deltoid
Quadrate - Rectus abdominus
Flat with aponeurosis - External oblique 
Fusiform - Biceps brachii
66
Q

What is a tendon. How’s it different form aponeurosis?

A

Attach muscle to bone. Aponeurosis attaches muscle to soft tissue instead.

67
Q

2 main reflexes involving skeletal muscles

A

Stretch reflex

Flexion withdrawal reflex

68
Q

Muscle paralysis vs spasticity

A

Paralysis is when the motor nerve isn’t functioning whereas spasticity is when the muscle has an intact motor nerve. Paralysed muscles have a reduced tone whereas spastic muscles have an increased tone

69
Q

Which fascia are skeletal muscles found in

A

Deep fascia

70
Q

How is compartment syndrome treated?

A

Using fasciotomy; fascia is cut to relieve pressure

71
Q

Where does transition to smooth muscle happen and end?

A

Trachea and middle third of oesophagus is where skeletal muscles transition to smooth
Diaphragm is skeletal muscle
Perineum is the transition back to skeletal muscle

Cardiology (11 decks)

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