Pathology

Question 1

inflammatory diseases are characterised by the presence of what?

Answer 1

autoantibodies

Question 2

what autoantibodies are present in Lupus?

Answer 2

autoantibodies against the structural parts of DNA

Question 3

what autoantibodies are present in scleroderma?

Answer 3

anticentromere antibodies

Question 4

what autoantibodies are present in sjrogens disease?

Answer 4

anti Ro La (antinuclear)

Question 5

what biopsy may be performed in a Lupus patient?

Answer 5

Renal biopsy

Question 6

define vasculitis

Answer 6

inflammation of the blood vessels

Question 7

which antibody is tested for in vasculitis?

Answer 7

ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies)

Question 8

c- ANCA (cytoplasmic) is mostly associated with which antibody?

Answer 8

anti P-R3 antibodies

Question 9

p- ANCA (perinuclear) is mostly associated with which antibodies?

Answer 9

anti- MPO antibodies

Question 10

Giant cell arteritis affects which vessels?

Answer 10

arteries of the head sometimes vertebral and ophthalmic

Question 11

what becomes a risk if the aorta is involved in giant cell arteritis?

Answer 11

aneurysm

Question 12

is giant cell arteritis is suspected what should be prescribed?

Answer 12

steroid therapy

Question 13

what is used to confirm a diagnosis of giant cell arteritis?- why is this test not always conclusive?

Answer 13

biopsy- disease can be very focal so -ve biopsy does not rule out diagnosis

Question 14

what disease pattern does giant cell arteritis follow?

Answer 14

segmental disease with skip lesions

Question 15

what is another systemic risk if you have giant cell arteritis? (ophthalmic)

Answer 15

blindness

Question 16

which vessels does polyarteritis nodose affect?

Answer 16

small to medium sized arterial vessels

Question 17

which organ system does polyarteritis nodose spare?

Answer 17

spares the lungs but may involve many organ systems

Question 18

polyarteritis nodose has a propensity to involve which organ?

Answer 18

renal involvement

Question 19

polyarteritis nodose is what kind of inflammation?

Answer 19

segmental transmural inflammation with necrosis

Question 20

is polyarteritis nodose ANCA -ve or +ve?

Answer 20

ANCA -ve

Question 21

polyarteritis nodose is fatal if left untreated true/false?

Answer 21

true

Question 22

give examples of some metabolic bone diseases?

Answer 22

pagets disease osteomalacia

Question 23

how does pagets affect the bones?

Answer 23

disrupts the normal cycle of bone renewal causing the bones to weaken and become deformed

Question 24

which cells are affected in pagets? how are they responsible?

Answer 24

osteoclasts- absorb the bone at a much faster rate than usual osteoblasts- attempt to produce new bone more quickly so is larger and weaker than normal

Question 25

what are the most commonly affected areas in pagets?

Answer 25

pelvis spine skull

Question 26

how does osteomalacia affect the bones?

Answer 26

softens them causing them to weaken and become more susceptible to fracture

Question 27

what deficiencies cause osteomalacia?

Answer 27

low levels of vit D, calcium and phosphorus

Question 28

how does osteoporosis differ from osteomalacia?

Answer 28

osteoporosis is a weakening of living bone that has already been formed and is being remodelled osteomalacia is a problem with bone formation

Question 29

what is the name of the joint disorder characterised by the accumulation of crystals?

Answer 29

crystal arthropathy

Question 30

what crystals are deposited in gout?

Answer 30

needle shaped sodium urate crystals- uric acid accumulation

Question 31

what crystals are deposited in pseudogout?

Answer 31

rhombus calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystals

Question 32

sarcomas in general are more/less common than carcinomas?

Answer 32

less

Question 33

what are some of the cytogentic studies used for large abnormalities?

Answer 33

karyotyping FISH

Question 34

describe immunohistochemistry

Answer 34

pigment is placed on antibody of target protien, any pigment staining left means target protein is present

Question 35

give some features of a ganglion cyst

Answer 35

benign common around wrist degenerative change within the connective tissue

Question 36

where exactly are ganglion cysts found?

Answer 36

perpherally and near the joint capsule or sheath

Question 37

is a giant cell tumour malignant or benign?

Answer 37

benign

Question 38

describe the appearnce of a giant cell tumour?

Answer 38

pigmented villonodular synovitis

Question 39

what is responsible for the pigementation seen in a giant cell tumour?

Answer 39

accumulation of **haemosiderin**

Question 40

what joints does giant cell tumour of tendon sheath affect?

Answer 40

digits- small joints of the hands

Question 41

give an example of a superficial fibromatosis

Answer 41

Dupuytrens

Question 42

what occurs in dupuytrens?

Answer 42

scarring of the palmar fascia causing the fingers to bend towards the palm

Question 43

what does ANGEL stand for

Answer 43

**A**ngiolipoma **N**euroma (traumatic) **G**lomus tumour (nail bed) **E**ccrine spiradenoma (skin adnexal tumour) Cutaneous **L**eiomyoma (of erector pilae)

Question 44

what type of lesion does the ANGEL neumonic help to identify?

Answer 44

painful lesions

Question 45

which lesion should you suspect if lipoblasts are prestent?

Answer 45

liposarcoma

Question 46

what is the name given to a bengin lesion of skeletal muscle?

Answer 46

rhabdomyoma

Question 47

what is the name of a malignant lesion of skeltal muscle?

Answer 47

rhabdomyosarocma

Question 48

who do the following types of rhabdomyosarcoma affect? embryonic alveolar pleoporphic

Answer 48

children young adults elderly

Question 49

what is an enchondroma?

Answer 49

benign lesion of the cartilage

Question 50

what is the name given to a malignant lesion of the cartilage?

Answer 50

chondrosarcoma

Question 51

what are the two diseases in which multiple enchondromas are found?

Answer 51

Olliers and Maffuci