Pathology Flashcards
inflammatory diseases are characterised by the presence of what?
autoantibodies
what autoantibodies are present in Lupus?
autoantibodies against the structural parts of DNA
what autoantibodies are present in scleroderma?
anticentromere antibodies
what autoantibodies are present in sjrogens disease?
anti Ro La (antinuclear)
what biopsy may be performed in a Lupus patient?
Renal biopsy
define vasculitis
inflammation of the blood vessels
which antibody is tested for in vasculitis?
ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies)
c- ANCA (cytoplasmic) is mostly associated with which antibody?
anti P-R3 antibodies
p- ANCA (perinuclear) is mostly associated with which antibodies?
anti- MPO antibodies
Giant cell arteritis affects which vessels?
arteries of the head sometimes vertebral and ophthalmic
what becomes a risk if the aorta is involved in giant cell arteritis?
aneurysm
is giant cell arteritis is suspected what should be prescribed?
steroid therapy
what is used to confirm a diagnosis of giant cell arteritis?- why is this test not always conclusive?
biopsy- disease can be very focal so -ve biopsy does not rule out diagnosis
what disease pattern does giant cell arteritis follow?
segmental disease with skip lesions
what is another systemic risk if you have giant cell arteritis? (ophthalmic)
blindness
which vessels does polyarteritis nodose affect?
small to medium sized arterial vessels
which organ system does polyarteritis nodose spare?
spares the lungs but may involve many organ systems
polyarteritis nodose has a propensity to involve which organ?
renal involvement
polyarteritis nodose is what kind of inflammation?
segmental transmural inflammation with necrosis
is polyarteritis nodose ANCA -ve or +ve?
ANCA -ve
polyarteritis nodose is fatal if left untreated true/false?
true
give examples of some metabolic bone diseases?
pagets disease osteomalacia
how does pagets affect the bones?
disrupts the normal cycle of bone renewal causing the bones to weaken and become deformed
which cells are affected in pagets? how are they responsible?
osteoclasts- absorb the bone at a much faster rate than usual osteoblasts- attempt to produce new bone more quickly so is larger and weaker than normal
what are the most commonly affected areas in pagets?
pelvis spine skull
how does osteomalacia affect the bones?
softens them causing them to weaken and become more susceptible to fracture
what deficiencies cause osteomalacia?
low levels of vit D, calcium and phosphorus
how does osteoporosis differ from osteomalacia?
osteoporosis is a weakening of living bone that has already been formed and is being remodelled osteomalacia is a problem with bone formation
what is the name of the joint disorder characterised by the accumulation of crystals?
crystal arthropathy
what crystals are deposited in gout?
needle shaped sodium urate crystals- uric acid accumulation
what crystals are deposited in pseudogout?
rhombus calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystals
sarcomas in general are more/less common than carcinomas?
less
what are some of the cytogentic studies used for large abnormalities?
karyotyping
FISH
describe immunohistochemistry
pigment is placed on antibody of target protien, any pigment staining left means target protein is present
give some features of a ganglion cyst
benign
common around wrist
degenerative change within the connective tissue
where exactly are ganglion cysts found?
perpherally and near the joint capsule or sheath
is a giant cell tumour malignant or benign?
benign
describe the appearnce of a giant cell tumour?
pigmented villonodular synovitis
what is responsible for the pigementation seen in a giant cell tumour?
accumulation of haemosiderin
what joints does giant cell tumour of tendon sheath affect?
digits- small joints of the hands
give an example of a superficial fibromatosis
Dupuytrens
what occurs in dupuytrens?
scarring of the palmar fascia causing the fingers to bend towards the palm
what does ANGEL stand for
Angiolipoma
Neuroma (traumatic)
Glomus tumour (nail bed)
Eccrine spiradenoma (skin adnexal tumour)
Cutaneous Leiomyoma (of erector pilae)
what type of lesion does the ANGEL neumonic help to identify?
painful lesions
which lesion should you suspect if lipoblasts are prestent?
liposarcoma
what is the name given to a bengin lesion of skeletal muscle?
rhabdomyoma
what is the name of a malignant lesion of skeltal muscle?
rhabdomyosarocma
who do the following types of rhabdomyosarcoma affect?
embryonic
alveolar
pleoporphic
children
young adults
elderly
what is an enchondroma?
benign lesion of the cartilage
what is the name given to a malignant lesion of the cartilage?
chondrosarcoma
what are the two diseases in which multiple enchondromas are found?
Olliers and Maffuci
