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02- MSK > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

inflammatory diseases are characterised by the presence of what?

A

autoantibodies

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2
Q

what autoantibodies are present in Lupus?

A

autoantibodies against the structural parts of DNA

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3
Q

what autoantibodies are present in scleroderma?

A

anticentromere antibodies

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4
Q

what autoantibodies are present in sjrogens disease?

A

anti Ro La (antinuclear)

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5
Q

what biopsy may be performed in a Lupus patient?

A

Renal biopsy

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6
Q

define vasculitis

A

inflammation of the blood vessels

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7
Q

which antibody is tested for in vasculitis?

A

ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies)

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8
Q

c- ANCA (cytoplasmic) is mostly associated with which antibody?

A

anti P-R3 antibodies

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9
Q

p- ANCA (perinuclear) is mostly associated with which antibodies?

A

anti- MPO antibodies

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10
Q

Giant cell arteritis affects which vessels?

A

arteries of the head sometimes vertebral and ophthalmic

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11
Q

what becomes a risk if the aorta is involved in giant cell arteritis?

A

aneurysm

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12
Q

is giant cell arteritis is suspected what should be prescribed?

A

steroid therapy

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13
Q

what is used to confirm a diagnosis of giant cell arteritis?- why is this test not always conclusive?

A

biopsy- disease can be very focal so -ve biopsy does not rule out diagnosis

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14
Q

what disease pattern does giant cell arteritis follow?

A

segmental disease with skip lesions

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15
Q

what is another systemic risk if you have giant cell arteritis? (ophthalmic)

A

blindness

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16
Q

which vessels does polyarteritis nodose affect?

A

small to medium sized arterial vessels

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17
Q

which organ system does polyarteritis nodose spare?

A

spares the lungs but may involve many organ systems

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18
Q

polyarteritis nodose has a propensity to involve which organ?

A

renal involvement

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19
Q

polyarteritis nodose is what kind of inflammation?

A

segmental transmural inflammation with necrosis

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20
Q

is polyarteritis nodose ANCA -ve or +ve?

A

ANCA -ve

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21
Q

polyarteritis nodose is fatal if left untreated true/false?

A

true

22
Q

give examples of some metabolic bone diseases?

A

pagets disease osteomalacia

23
Q

how does pagets affect the bones?

A

disrupts the normal cycle of bone renewal causing the bones to weaken and become deformed

24
Q

which cells are affected in pagets? how are they responsible?

A

osteoclasts- absorb the bone at a much faster rate than usual osteoblasts- attempt to produce new bone more quickly so is larger and weaker than normal

25
Q

what are the most commonly affected areas in pagets?

A

pelvis spine skull

26
Q

how does osteomalacia affect the bones?

A

softens them causing them to weaken and become more susceptible to fracture

27
Q

what deficiencies cause osteomalacia?

A

low levels of vit D, calcium and phosphorus

28
Q

how does osteoporosis differ from osteomalacia?

A

osteoporosis is a weakening of living bone that has already been formed and is being remodelled osteomalacia is a problem with bone formation

29
Q

what is the name of the joint disorder characterised by the accumulation of crystals?

A

crystal arthropathy

30
Q

what crystals are deposited in gout?

A

needle shaped sodium urate crystals- uric acid accumulation

31
Q

what crystals are deposited in pseudogout?

A

rhombus calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystals

32
Q

sarcomas in general are more/less common than carcinomas?

A

less

33
Q

what are some of the cytogentic studies used for large abnormalities?

A

karyotyping

FISH

34
Q

describe immunohistochemistry

A

pigment is placed on antibody of target protien, any pigment staining left means target protein is present

35
Q

give some features of a ganglion cyst

A

benign

common around wrist

degenerative change within the connective tissue

36
Q

where exactly are ganglion cysts found?

A

perpherally and near the joint capsule or sheath

37
Q

is a giant cell tumour malignant or benign?

A

benign

38
Q

describe the appearnce of a giant cell tumour?

A

pigmented villonodular synovitis

39
Q

what is responsible for the pigementation seen in a giant cell tumour?

A

accumulation of haemosiderin

40
Q

what joints does giant cell tumour of tendon sheath affect?

A

digits- small joints of the hands

41
Q

give an example of a superficial fibromatosis

A

Dupuytrens

42
Q

what occurs in dupuytrens?

A

scarring of the palmar fascia causing the fingers to bend towards the palm

43
Q

what does ANGEL stand for

A

Angiolipoma

Neuroma (traumatic)

Glomus tumour (nail bed)

Eccrine spiradenoma (skin adnexal tumour)

Cutaneous Leiomyoma (of erector pilae)

44
Q

what type of lesion does the ANGEL neumonic help to identify?

A

painful lesions

45
Q

which lesion should you suspect if lipoblasts are prestent?

A

liposarcoma

46
Q

what is the name given to a bengin lesion of skeletal muscle?

A

rhabdomyoma

47
Q

what is the name of a malignant lesion of skeltal muscle?

A

rhabdomyosarocma

48
Q

who do the following types of rhabdomyosarcoma affect?

embryonic

alveolar

pleoporphic

A

children

young adults

elderly

49
Q

what is an enchondroma?

A

benign lesion of the cartilage

50
Q

what is the name given to a malignant lesion of the cartilage?

A

chondrosarcoma

51
Q

what are the two diseases in which multiple enchondromas are found?

A

Olliers and Maffuci

52
Q
A

02- MSK (7 decks)

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