Anatomy

Question 1

What are the three functions of the lower limb?

Answer 1

• support body weight - locomotion - maintain balance

Question 2

What are the four superficial muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 2

gluteus maximus gluteus medias gluteus minimus tensor fascia latae

Question 3

what movement of the thigh do the superficial muscles of the gluteal region give?

Answer 3

extension abduction medial rotation

Question 4

how many branches of the gluteal nerve are there and what are they called?

Answer 4

2- inferior and superior gluteal

Question 5

which branch of the gluteal nerve innervates which superficial muscle of the gluteal region?

Answer 5

superior- gluteus medius/minimus and tensor fascia lata inferior- gluteus maximus

Question 6

damage to the superior gluteal nerve results in what?

Answer 6

Trendelenburg’s Gait

Question 7

what are the four deep muscles of the gluteal region?

Answer 7

piriformis obturator internus gemelli quadratus femoris

Question 8

what movement of the thigh do the deep muscles of the gluteal region give?

Answer 8

lateral rotation and hip stabilisation

Question 9

what nerves supply the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

Answer 9

nerves from the sacral plexus

Question 10

through what structure do nerves enter/exit the pelvis and perineum?

Answer 10

greater and lesser sciatic foramen

Question 11

before the attachment of ligaments what are the foramen known as?

Answer 11

greater/lesser sciatic notch

Question 12

which ligaments attach to form the sciatic foramen?

Answer 12

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

Question 13

which vertebral levels are associated with the sciatic nerve?

Answer 13

L4-S3

Question 14

what areas of the lower limb does the sciatic nerve innervate?

Answer 14

posterior thigh all leg and foot muscles most of the skin via branches

Question 15

what are the branches of the sciatic nerve called?

Answer 15

Tibial and common fibular

Question 16

the sciatic nerve usually exist inferior to which deep muscle?

Answer 16

piriformis

Question 17

which nerve is associated with the vertebral levels S1-S3?

Answer 17

posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

Question 18

what areas of the lower limb does the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh innervate?

Answer 18

skin over posterior thigh popliteal fossa upper medial thigh

Question 19

What forms the superior border of the femoral triangle?

Answer 19

inguinal ligament

Question 20

what forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?

Answer 20

lateral border of adductor longus

Question 21

what forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

Answer 21

medial border of sartorius

Question 22

what forms the floor of the femoral triangle?

Answer 22

iliopsoas and pectineus

Question 23

what forms the roof of the femoral triangle?

Answer 23

deep fascia- fascia lata

Question 24

list the contents of the femoral triangle lateral to medial?

Answer 24

femoral nerve femoral artery femoral vein lymphatics

Question 25

muscle compartments are separated by the ________ \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 25

intermuscular septum

Question 26

increased pressure caused by bleeding/ tissue swelling can lead to what?

Answer 26

compartment syndrome

Question 27

what is the name of the procedure used to release pressure in compartment syndrome?

Answer 27

fasciotomy

Question 28

what are the three compartments of the thigh?

Answer 28

anterior medial posterior

Question 29

What muscles are contained within the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 29

iliopsoas sartorius qaudriceps femoris

Question 30

what is the proximal attachment of the iliopsoas?

Answer 30

**iliac fossa** (iliacus) **lumbar transverse prosecces** (psoas major)

Question 31

what is the distal attachment of the iliopsoas?

Answer 31

lesser trochnanter of the femur

Question 32

what is the proximal attachment of sartorius?

Answer 32

ASIS

Question 33

what is the distal attachment of sartorius?

Answer 33

medial surface of proximal tibia

Question 34

what are the four muscles of the quadriceps femoris?

Answer 34

Rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastusintermedius vastus medius

Question 35

what is the proximal attachment of the muscles of the quadriceps femoris and which one is the exception?

Answer 35

**Shaft of femur** Rectus femoris- ASIS

Question 36

what is the distal attachment of the quadriceps femoris muscles?

Answer 36

**patella** (via quadriceps tendon) then **tibial tuberosity** (via patellar tendon)

Question 37

what can be done to test the function of the qaudriceps?

Answer 37

Knee jerk test

Question 38

what muscles cause flexion of the thigh and what compartment are they in?

Answer 38

Anterior; pectineus iliopsoas Sartorius

Question 39

what muscles cause extension of the leg?

Answer 39

quadriceps femoris

Question 40

which nerves innervate the muscles found in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 40

iliopsoas- anterior rami of **lumbar spinal nerves** sartorius and qauds- **femoral nerve** L2-4

Question 41

which muscles allow adduction of the thigh?

Answer 41

adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus gracilis obturator externus

Question 42

which nerve innervates the muscles found in the medial compartment of the thigh?

Answer 42

obturator nerve L2-4 (tibial nerve for hamstring part of adductor magnus)

Question 43

what muscles allow extension of the thigh and flexion of the leg? what compartment are they found in ?

Answer 43

semitendinosus semimebranosus bicep femoris posterior compartment of the thigh

Question 44

which nerve innervates the muscles found in the posterior compartment of the thigh? which muscle is an exception

Answer 44

tibial division o f the sciatic L5, S1, S2 - short head bicep femoris innervated by common fibular division

Question 45

the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg do what with regards to the ankle and toes?

Answer 45

dorsiflexors of ankle extensors of toes

Question 46

what nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 46

deep fibular nerve L4-5

Question 47

the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg do what?

Answer 47

evert foot and weakly plantarflex ankle

Question 48

which muscles are found in the lateral compartment of the leg? which nerve innervates them?

Answer 48

fibularis longus fibularis brevis superficial fibular nerve L5, S1, S2

Question 49

the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg are split in to what?

Answer 49

superficial and deep group

Question 50

the two groups of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg do what?

Answer 50

superficial- plantarfelxors of ankle deep- flexors of toes and plantarflexors of ankle

Question 51

which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 51

tibial nerve

Question 52

what kind of joint is the hip joint?

Answer 52

ball and socket synovial joint

Question 53

what forms the ball and socket joint?

Answer 53

ball- head of femur socket- acetabulum of hip

Question 54

what are the components of a synovial joint?

Answer 54

within joint capsules external fibrous layer internal membranous layer

Question 55

which part of the joint capsule forms the ligaments on the hip?

Answer 55

thick part of fibrous layer of join capsule

Question 56

name the ligaments of the hip

Answer 56

iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral

Question 57

what is the name of the artery to the head of the femur?

Answer 57

branch of obturator

Question 58

which two arteries anastomose around the neck of the femur and which artery do they arise from?

Answer 58

medial and lateral circumflex arise from deep femoral artery

Question 59

how many articulations does the knee joint have?

Answer 59

3 2x femerotibial 1x femeropatellar

Question 60

name the extracapsular ligaments of the knee

Answer 60

lateral (fibular) collateral ligament medial (tibial) collateral ligament

Question 61

name the intra-articular ligaments of the knee

Answer 61

anterior cruciate (ACL) posterior cruciate (PCL)

Question 62

what ligaments in the knee are crescent shaped?

Answer 62

medial and lateral menisci

Question 63

which tendon gives rise to the 'knee jerk' reflex and where does it attach?

Answer 63

calcaneal tendon attaches to calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneous

Question 64

which type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 64

saddle joint

Question 65

the acromoclavicular joint is which type?

Answer 65

plane type

Question 66

which type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 66

ball and socket type

Question 67

the elbow joint is made up of which two joints?

Answer 67

humeroulnar joint radiohumeral joint

Question 68

which type of joint is the elbow joint?

Answer 68

hinge type

Question 69

which type of joint is the radiohumeral joint?

Answer 69

limited ball and socket joint

Question 70

which ligament limits the radiohumeral joint?

Answer 70

annular ligament

Question 71

which type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?

Answer 71

pivot type

Question 72

which type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?

Answer 72

ellipsoid type

Question 73

which type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint?

Answer 73

pivot type

Question 74

during pronation of the forearm the ulna/radius moves over the ulna/raidus?

Answer 74

radius moves over the ulna

Question 75

what are the major axio-appendicular muscles?

Answer 75

trapezius rhomboid minor/major serratus anterior

Question 76

which nerve innervates the trapezius?

Answer 76

CN XI

Question 77

which nerve innervates the rhomboid minor/ major?

Answer 77

dorsal scapula nerve

Question 78

which nerve innervates serratus anterior

Answer 78

long thoracic nerve