Anatomy Flashcards
What are the three functions of the lower limb?
- support body weight - locomotion - maintain balance
What are the four superficial muscles of the gluteal region
gluteus maximus gluteus medias gluteus minimus tensor fascia latae
what movement of the thigh do the superficial muscles of the gluteal region give?
extension abduction medial rotation
how many branches of the gluteal nerve are there and what are they called?
2- inferior and superior gluteal
which branch of the gluteal nerve innervates which superficial muscle of the gluteal region?
superior- gluteus medius/minimus and tensor fascia lata inferior- gluteus maximus
damage to the superior gluteal nerve results in what?
Trendelenburg’s Gait
what are the four deep muscles of the gluteal region?
piriformis obturator internus gemelli quadratus femoris
what movement of the thigh do the deep muscles of the gluteal region give?
lateral rotation and hip stabilisation
what nerves supply the deep muscles of the gluteal region?
nerves from the sacral plexus
through what structure do nerves enter/exit the pelvis and perineum?
greater and lesser sciatic foramen
before the attachment of ligaments what are the foramen known as?
greater/lesser sciatic notch
which ligaments attach to form the sciatic foramen?
sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
which vertebral levels are associated with the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
what areas of the lower limb does the sciatic nerve innervate?
posterior thigh all leg and foot muscles most of the skin via branches
what are the branches of the sciatic nerve called?
Tibial and common fibular
the sciatic nerve usually exist inferior to which deep muscle?
piriformis
which nerve is associated with the vertebral levels S1-S3?
posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
what areas of the lower limb does the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh innervate?
skin over posterior thigh popliteal fossa upper medial thigh
What forms the superior border of the femoral triangle?
inguinal ligament
what forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?
lateral border of adductor longus
what forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
medial border of sartorius
what forms the floor of the femoral triangle?
iliopsoas and pectineus
what forms the roof of the femoral triangle?
deep fascia- fascia lata
list the contents of the femoral triangle lateral to medial?
femoral nerve femoral artery femoral vein lymphatics
muscle compartments are separated by the ________ _____
intermuscular septum
increased pressure caused by bleeding/ tissue swelling can lead to what?
compartment syndrome
what is the name of the procedure used to release pressure in compartment syndrome?
fasciotomy
what are the three compartments of the thigh?
anterior medial posterior
What muscles are contained within the anterior compartment of the thigh?
iliopsoas
sartorius
qaudriceps femoris
what is the proximal attachment of the iliopsoas?
iliac fossa (iliacus)
lumbar transverse prosecces (psoas major)
what is the distal attachment of the iliopsoas?
lesser trochnanter of the femur
what is the proximal attachment of sartorius?
ASIS
what is the distal attachment of sartorius?
medial surface of proximal tibia
what are the four muscles of the quadriceps femoris?
Rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastusintermedius
vastus medius
what is the proximal attachment of the muscles of the quadriceps femoris and which one is the exception?
Shaft of femur
Rectus femoris- ASIS
what is the distal attachment of the quadriceps femoris muscles?
patella (via quadriceps tendon) then tibial tuberosity (via patellar tendon)
what can be done to test the function of the qaudriceps?
Knee jerk test
what muscles cause flexion of the thigh and what compartment are they in?
Anterior; pectineus iliopsoas Sartorius
what muscles cause extension of the leg?
quadriceps femoris
which nerves innervate the muscles found in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
iliopsoas- anterior rami of lumbar spinal nerves
sartorius and qauds- femoral nerve L2-4
which muscles allow adduction of the thigh?
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
gracilis
obturator externus
which nerve innervates the muscles found in the medial compartment of the thigh?
obturator nerve L2-4 (tibial nerve for hamstring part of adductor magnus)
what muscles allow extension of the thigh and flexion of the leg? what compartment are they found in ?
semitendinosus semimebranosus bicep femoris posterior compartment of the thigh
which nerve innervates the muscles found in the posterior compartment of the thigh? which muscle is an exception
tibial division o f the sciatic L5, S1, S2 - short head bicep femoris innervated by common fibular division
the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg do what with regards to the ankle and toes?
dorsiflexors of ankle extensors of toes
what nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?
deep fibular nerve L4-5
the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg do what?
evert foot and weakly plantarflex ankle
which muscles are found in the lateral compartment of the leg? which nerve innervates them?
fibularis longus fibularis brevis superficial fibular nerve L5, S1, S2
the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg are split in to what?
superficial and deep group
the two groups of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg do what?
superficial- plantarfelxors of ankle deep- flexors of toes and plantarflexors of ankle
which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the leg?
tibial nerve
what kind of joint is the hip joint?
ball and socket synovial joint
what forms the ball and socket joint?
ball- head of femur socket- acetabulum of hip
what are the components of a synovial joint?
within joint capsules external fibrous layer internal membranous layer
which part of the joint capsule forms the ligaments on the hip?
thick part of fibrous layer of join capsule
name the ligaments of the hip
iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral
what is the name of the artery to the head of the femur?
branch of obturator
which two arteries anastomose around the neck of the femur and which artery do they arise from?
medial and lateral circumflex arise from deep femoral artery
how many articulations does the knee joint have?
3 2x femerotibial 1x femeropatellar
name the extracapsular ligaments of the knee
lateral (fibular) collateral ligament medial (tibial) collateral ligament
name the intra-articular ligaments of the knee
anterior cruciate (ACL) posterior cruciate (PCL)
what ligaments in the knee are crescent shaped?
medial and lateral menisci
which tendon gives rise to the ‘knee jerk’ reflex and where does it attach?
calcaneal tendon attaches to calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneous
which type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
saddle joint
the acromoclavicular joint is which type?
plane type
which type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
ball and socket type
the elbow joint is made up of which two joints?
humeroulnar joint
radiohumeral joint
which type of joint is the elbow joint?
hinge type
which type of joint is the radiohumeral joint?
limited ball and socket joint
which ligament limits the radiohumeral joint?
annular ligament
which type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?
pivot type
which type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?
ellipsoid type
which type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint?
pivot type
during pronation of the forearm the ulna/radius moves over the ulna/raidus?
radius moves over the ulna
what are the major axio-appendicular muscles?
trapezius
rhomboid minor/major
serratus anterior
which nerve innervates the trapezius?
CN XI
which nerve innervates the rhomboid minor/ major?
dorsal scapula nerve
which nerve innervates serratus anterior
long thoracic nerve
