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02- MSK > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal muscle cells are striated/nonstriated, branched/unbranched

A

striated and unbranched

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2
Q

skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated- what does this form

A

syncytium

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3
Q

define syncytium

A

cell containing multiple nuclei

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4
Q

where in a skeletal muscle cell are the nuclei found?

A

periphery of the fibre, just under the cell membrane

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5
Q

what is the cell membrane in a muscle cell called?

A

sarcolemma

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6
Q

muscle fibres are grouped into bundles- what are these bundles called?

A

fascicles

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7
Q

the connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle is called what?

A

the epimysium

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8
Q

the connective tissue surrounding a single fascicle is called what?

A

the perimysium

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9
Q

the connective tissue surrounding a single muscle fibre is called what?

A

endomysium

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10
Q

each muscle fibre contains many myofibrils which are made up of what?

A

sarcomeres placed end-to-end

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11
Q

what other structures are contained within muscle?

A

blood vessels connective tissue nerves lymphatics

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12
Q

by definition where do sarcomeres begin/end?

A

Z lines

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13
Q

when does the axon of a motor neurone branch?

A

as it nears its termination

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14
Q

what is the name given to the special synapse at the end of each branch of a motor neurons axon?

A

neuromuscular junction

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15
Q

the fibres in a motor unit are bunched/scattered?

A

scattered

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16
Q

list some features of cartilage

A

semi-rigid and deformable permeable avascular

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17
Q

what are the cells found in cartilage called?

A

chondrocytes

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18
Q

what is the name given to immature chondrocytes?

A

chondroblasts

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19
Q

where exactly are chondrocytes found?

A

space within the extracellular matrix termed a lacuna

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20
Q

what is the function of chondrocytes?

A

secrete and maintin the extracellular matrix around them

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21
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline

elastic

fibrocartilage

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22
Q

what is the most common type of cartilage?

A

hyaline

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23
Q

describe the appearance of hyaline cartilage

A

blue-white in colour

translucent

24
Q

describe the appearance of elastic cartilage

A

light yellow in colour

quite flexible (addition of elastic fibres)

25
Q

describe fibrocatilage

A

appears white

hybrid between tendon and hyaline cartilage

bands of densely packed type I collagen with rows of chondrocytes

26
Q

what are the components of the ECM in hyaline cartllage?

A

75% water

25% organic material- type II collagen and proteoglycan

27
Q

what is the difference between type I and type II collagen

A

type I

  • thicker (75nm)
  • aggregates into linear bundles

type II

  • finer (15-45nm)
  • forsm 3D meshwork
28
Q

list some of the sites hyaline cartilage can be found in?

A

articular surfaces

tracheal rings

costal cartilage

epiphyseal growth plates

precursor in fetus to many bones

29
Q

list the functions of bone

A

support

levers for movement

protection

calcium store

haemopoesis

30
Q

what is the compostiion of bone?

A

65% bioapatite(calcium phosphate)

23% collagen

10% water

2% non collagen protiens

31
Q

name the two types of bone visible to the naked eye?

A

cortical bone (outer shell)

cancellous/trabeciullar bone (epiphyses)

32
Q

what process does bone undergo throughout life?

A

remodelling

33
Q

what is the main difference between cortical and trabecular bone?

A

the presence of spaces- marrow cavities

34
Q

define lamellar

A

made up of layers

35
Q

what is the name given to the circular layers foudn in compact bone?

A

circumferential lamellae

36
Q

what is an osteon?

A

unit of lamellar bone layed down in circles

37
Q

what is the name given to the canal in the centre of an osteon?

A

haversion canal e.g. blood vessel

38
Q

what is the name given to the canal type that runs across the bone?

A

Volkmanns canal

39
Q

how does trabecullar bone differ from comapct bone?

A

both are lamellar however trabecullar doesnt have blood vessels

40
Q

what is the name of the livign cells within bone?

A

osteocytes

41
Q

name the following

A

A- osteocytes in lucunae

B- haversion canal

C- volkmanns canal

D- osteons

42
Q

what are cement lines?

A

the lines often visible surroundign the osteon

  • not seen in oroginal developmetn onyl in those that have formed durign remodelling
43
Q

which bone cells are loacted on the surface and serve as a pool of reserve osteoblasts?

A

osteoprogenitor cells

44
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

cells found on surface of developing bone- they have plentiful RER and prominent mitochondria

45
Q

which bone cells are trapped within the bone matrix?

A

osteocytes

46
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

large multinucleated cells found on the surface of bone

47
Q

which bone cells are bone forming

A

osteoblasts

48
Q

which boen cells are responsible for bone resorption?

A

osteoclasts

49
Q

desctibe the process of remodelling in bone

A
  1. osteoclasts congreagte and ‘drill’ down into the bone formign a tunnel
  2. a blood vessel will grow into the tunnel
  3. osteoblasts line the tunnel laying down lamellar bone
  4. process contnues until only the space known as haversian canal is left
50
Q

what do osteoblasts secrete?

A

collagen

glycoaminoglycans (GAGs)

proteoglycans

51
Q

what is teh collective term fo rthe secretions of an osteoblast?

A

osteoid- this becomes mineralised over time

52
Q

the mineral of bone is made up principally of what?

A

calcium phosphate crystals (particularly hydroxyapatite)

53
Q

osteoblasts will fuse to form what?

A

a single giant cell

54
Q

why can the matrix that will become bone only be added at the surface?

A

becasue bone is a solid matrix

55
Q

in developing bone how are the collagen fibres arranged? what is the name given to this pattern of bone?

A

arranged in random, haphazard fashion- this is called woven bone

56
Q
A

02- MSK (7 decks)

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