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Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Meninges

leptomeninges

A
  • Dura Mater (outer layer)
  • Arachnoides
  • Pia Mater
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2
Q

Brain : Frontal

A
  • motor functions
  • Behavior
  • emotions
  • higher intellectual functions
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3
Q

Brain : Parietal

A

Sensory functions

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4
Q

Brain : Temporal

A

Hearing

Smelling

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5
Q

Brain : occipital

A

Visual Center

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6
Q

Brainstem : Midbrain

A

*Visual/auditory reflex center

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7
Q

Brainstem : Pons

A
  • Point of connection b/w cortex + cerebellum + medulla
  • MOUTH: chewing/biting/swallowing
  • FACE: expressions/sensation
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8
Q

Brainstem : Medulla oblongata

A
  • cardiac center
  • vasomotor center
  • respiratory center
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9
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Motor activity regulator

* Integration: spinal cord/vestibular organ sensory impulses + cereberal cortex motor impulses

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10
Q

Gray matter

A
  • cortex

* made of NEURONS

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11
Q

White matter

A

made of:

  • AXONS
  • oligodendroglial cells = produce myelin
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12
Q

Which nerve cells are facultative/mitotic/divisible?

A 
Glial = YES
Neuron = NO
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13
Q

Glial cells :

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oilgodendrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
  • Schwann cells
  • Microglia

TUMOR = GLIOMAS

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14
Q

What separates CNS from body?

A

BBB

Meninges

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15
Q

Dysraphic Disorders/Malformations:

Neural tube defect

A
  • *Failure of Neural Folds to close during development
  • MC hind end
  • -Anencephaly/encephalocele/meningocele
  • -*Spina bifida occulta
  • myelomeningocele (spine + meninges)
  • meningocele (meninges)
  • raskiskesis = spinal cord doesn’t close from top to bottom
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16
Q

CNS Hemorrhage:

Epidural hematoma

A
  • MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY rupture
  • coma
  • Lethal if no Dx
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17
Q

CNS Hemorrhage:

Subdural

A
  • BRIDGING VEINS rupture
  • B/w dura + arachnoid
  • increased intracranial pressure –> s/s
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18
Q

CNS Hemorrhage:

Subarachnoid

A

****2nd MC ANEURISM rupture

*trauma

  • under arachnoid layer
  • High mortality
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19
Q

CNS Hemorrhage:

Intracerebral

A

2ndary to:
***HTN 2nd MC

*Trauma
*Hematologic dz

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20
Q

Cerebrovascular Dz : 2 types

A

*Ischemic MC (atherosclerosis/vessel occlusion)

Hemorrhagic (HTN)

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21
Q

Cerebrovascular Dz :

global ischemia

A

lacunar infarct

vascular dementia

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22
Q

Cerebrovascular Dz :

Cerebral infarct

A

Stroke

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23
Q

Cerebrovascular Dz :

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

A

HTN

basal ganglia MC location

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24
Q

Cerebral edema/Herniations

A

*Cingulate gyrus (subfalcine)

*Cerebral Uncus
(transtentorial = VISON)

*Cerebral Tonsil
(RESPIRATORY)

*Broken skull opening

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25
Q

Brain injury:

concussion

A

transient loss of consciousness

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26
Q

Brain injury:

contusion

A

blood supply disruption

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27
Q

Brain injury:

laceration

A

major neuro deficit

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28
Q

Neck/spinal cord injury

A

hyperextension/hyperflexion

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29
Q

Infxns from

A
  • Penetrating trauma
  • Hematogenous spread (bacterial/fungal/viral/protozoal)
  • Middle ear/mastoid
  • Frontal sinusitis
30
Q

encephalitis

A

brain PARENCHYMA inflammation

*viruses

31
Q

Myelitis

A

SPINAL CORD inflammation

*viruses

32
Q

Autoimmune CNS disease:

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • Demyelination
  • Women MC
  • Oligoclonal T-cell brain populations
  • IgG CSF = oligoclonal bands
  • loss of touch
  • motor abnormalities
  • Die from respiratory infection
33
Q

Metabolic/Nutritional dz

A
  • Metabolism/enzyme deficiency = Tay Sachs, Niemann-Pick
  • Nutritional - B1/B12/Nicotinic (Ds)
  • alcoholism
34
Q

Alcoholism/B1 deficiency

A
  • Wernicke/Korsaoff syndrome***
  • subdural hematoma/pontine myelinolysis
  • Delirium tremens
  • hypothalamus/mamillary body changes
35
Q

Neurodegenerative Dz

A
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Parkinson’s
  • Huntington’s
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
36
Q

Alzheimer’s Dz

A
  • beta amyloid deposits from APP
  • > 70 yrs
  • dementia
  • gyri narrow, sulci widen
  • cortex histological changes
  • Down syndrome = chrom 21
37
Q

Parkinson’s

A
  • Tremor
  • Instability when walking
  • Depression/dementia
  • Pale substantia nigra
  • lewy bodies/lose melanin rich neurons = SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
38
Q

Huntington’s dz

A
  • auto dominant
  • involuntary movement
  • atrophy of cortex/subcortical nuclei (MC in caudate/putamen)
  • s/s appear midlife, incapacitated at 50-60 yrs
39
Q

Amylotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

*lose motor neurons - Spinal Cord, Midbrain, Cerebral cortex, Lateral cerebrospinal pathways

40
Q

CNS Neoplasms

A

USUALLY do not metastasize

41
Q

Tumor Origins

A

Glial
Neurons
Meninges
Cranial/peripheral nerves

42
Q

Tumor Origin:

Glial

A

Astrocytomas
Oligodenrogliomas
Ependymomas

43
Q

Astrocytomas

A

MC adults = cerebral hemispheres

  • MC kids = Cerebellum (Pilocytic)
  • solid OR cystic
  • Grade 4 glioma = GLIOBLASTOMA (worst)
44
Q

Glioblastoma

A
  • MC CNS tumor
  • lateral hemispheres
  • Necrotic yellow/red/white parts
  • radiologic butterfly = cross corpus callosum
  • poorly demarcated
45
Q

Oligodendrogliomas

A
  • in cerebral hemispheres
  • middle-age adults
  • well-circumscribed
  • maybe progress to GLIOBLASTOMA
46
Q

Ependymomas

A
  • Ependymal lining = ventricles
  • adults = spinal cord
  • in filum terminale (myxopapillary type)

*Pseudorosette = vessel w/ RBC in middle, tumor cells around

47
Q

Meningioma

A
  • benign/malignant
  • different place, different s/s
  • epileptic seizure/motor deficit
  • benign = excellent prognosis!
48
Q

Medulloblastoma

A
  • cerebellum
  • MC malignant tumor kids
  • poor prognosis
49
Q

Schwannomas/Neurofibromas

A
  • MC benign

* Neurofibratomatosis II = bilat schwannomas

50
Q

Schwannoma :

compressive / infiltrative?

A

compressive

51
Q

Neurofibratoma

compressive / infiltrative?

A

infiltrative

52
Q

Metastases to Brain

A
  • MC tumor

* Lung/Breast/Melanoma

53
Q

Schwann cells make….

A

Myelin in the PERIPHERY

54
Q

Spinal cord vs. brain structure

A

Spinal = white outside, grey inside

Brain = Grey outside, white inside

55
Q

Oligodendroglial cells make…

A

myelin for CNS

56
Q

Astrocytes

Function

A

Supporter cells

BBB

57
Q

Ependymal cells

Function

A

Around ventricle

Ependymal lining

58
Q

Microglia

Function

A
  • No tumors from here

* Eat dead tissue (infarcts, infxn)

59
Q

ALL CNS hemorrhages

MC cause

60
Q

Coup vs. Countercoup lesion

Brain

A

Coup = same side as trauma

Countercoup = opposite side as trauma

61
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

Lesions

A

Demyelinating Plaque = Ventricular location

Lymphocytes eat myelin —> bad neuron transmission

62
Q

Alzheimer’s Dx

A

Dementia +

  • Neuritic plaques
  • Neurofibrillary
  • Granulovacuolar degeneration (GVB)
63
Q

Huntington’s dz

Genetics

A

Auto dominant

Hunter = Dominant

64
Q

Neoplasm CNS

Location = adults vs. Kids

A

Adult = Supratentorial

Kids = Infratentorial

65
Q

MC malignant brain tumor in adult

A

Metastasis

66
Q

MC common PRIMARY malignant brain tumor = adult

A

Glioblastoma

Invade brain

67
Q

MC benign brain tumor

A

Meningioma

Dura mater = compress

68
Q

MC malignant tumor = kids

A

Medulloblastoma

Cerebellum

69
Q

MC benign brain tumor = kids

A

Pylocystic astrocytoma

Cerebellum

70
Q

Glioblastoma

Histological characteristics

A
  • A = atypia (Gr1)
  • M = Mitosis (Gr2/3)
  • E = Endothelial Vascular Peforation
  • N = necrosis (Gr4)
71
Q

Oligodendroma

Histology

A

*Chicken-wire vasculature

  • Fried-egg cells
    • nucleus
    • spread out cytoplasm

Neurology (20 decks)

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