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Year 3 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

When describing a gross lesion, what are the 3 ways we can describe the distribution?

A

Diffuse (whole tissue is affected)
Multifocal (to coalescing)
Focal

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2
Q

What are the 7 things you should mention when describing a lesion?

A 
Organ
Location
Distribution
Size
Shape (+ contours)
Colour 
Consistency
OLDSSCC
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3
Q

The skeleton can be divided into which 2 parts?

A

Axial skeleton: head, ribs, vertebrae, sternum

Appendicular skeleton: thoracic and pelvic limbs

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4
Q

What is meant by endochondral ossification?

A

The replacement of cartilage by bone

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5
Q

Bone consists of which 4 cell types?

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoblastic precursors (Peritrabecular stromal cells of bone marrow)

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6
Q

What is bone matrix composed of?

A

Organic components:
Osteoid
Non-collagenous proteins
Growth factors

Inorganic components:
Hydroxyapatite
(Carbonate, magnesium, sodium, zinc, fluoride)

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7
Q

Mineralisation of osteoid does not occur until how long after deposition?

A

5-10 days

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8
Q

Which hormones are potent activators of osteoclastic bone resorption?

A

Parathyroid hormone
ActiveVitamin D
(Increase blood calcium)

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9
Q

Which hormone has a transient direct inhibitory effect on osteoclastic bone resorption?

A

Calcitonin

Reduces blood calcium

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10
Q

Which kinds of bones do chondrodysplasias affect?

A

Long bones, as they affect the growth plate

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11
Q

What is meant by hyperostotic?

A

Excessive bone formation

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12
Q

What is rickets caused by?

A

Anything that interferes with mineralisation of cartilage or bone matrix, however is most commonly associated with lack of vitamin D and phosphate

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13
Q

How do you differentiate between haemoglobinuria and haematuria?

A

Haemoglobinuria: when the urine sample is spun down, the supernatant (liquid part) remains red/brown
Haematuria: a spun urine sample forms a reddish sediment

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperglobulinaemia?

A

Chronic inflammation

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15
Q

If sending blood to an external lab, what colour top tube should you use?

A

Grey: EDTA/ Na Fluoride tube

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16
Q

What makes neurones basophilic?

A

Lysosomes on RER

17
Q

How do neurons react to damage?

A 
Chromatolysis
Apoptosis
'Red dead cells' (red hypoxic neurons)
Intracytoplasmic accumulation
Vacuolation (BSE)
Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions (viruses and regressive phenomena)

Year 3 (28 decks)

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