Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 3 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is intussusception?

A

The inversion of one portion of the intestine within another

like a collapsible telescope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the daily fluid volume entering the gut of a 20kg dog?

A

2700ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does the fluid come from that enters the gut on a daily basis?

A 
Diet
Saliva
Gastric
Bile
Pancreatic
SI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The majority of fluid in a dog’s gut is absorbed where?

A

Jejunum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What things should you consider when a dog is brought in with D&V?

A 
Is intensive emergency treatment needed (fluids)?
Is there an underling non-enteric cause?
Is surgical management needed?
Is hospitalisation needed?
Is an infectious cause likely?
Is non-specific treatment sufficient?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the categories of acute GI disease?

A

Gastritis (stomach)
Enteritis (SI)
Colitis (colon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give some causes of acute gastritis

A 
Dietary indiscretions eg eating rubbish
Foreign material
Hairballs (bezoars) in cats
Certain drugs
Acute systemic disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe acute enteritis

A

Acute onset of profuse diarrhoea, often associated with acute vomiting
Many causes, eg dietary indiscretions, enteric infection
Usually self-limiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe acute colitis

A

Acute, frequent, small volume diarrhoea
Excessive straining (tenesmus)
Mucoid faeces
+/- fresh blood=haematochezia (blood not always in faeces but passed with it)
Common in dog, rare in cat
Causes: whipworms, rubbish ingestion, protozoa (Giardia, Cryptosporidia etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When should you reassess diarrhoea or vomiting after giving systemic treatment?

A

If signs persist for over 48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What should you check on a clinical exam of a pet with D&V?

A

General body condition
Hydration status (PVC/TP, mm, skin tenting)
Oral and rectal examination (could be bones around back end, mouth ulcers)
Abdominal palpation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which diagnostic tests should you carry out when investigating D&V?

A

Haematology
Serum biochemistry
Urinalysis
Faecal exam for parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

SNAP tests can be used to test the faeces for what?

A

Giardia

Parvovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can you test for Giardia in faeces?

A

SNAP test
Direct smears
Floatation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can you measure TP?

A

Refractometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is contra-indicated in cases of gastroenteritis?

A

Corticosteroids and NSAIDs (damage GI mucosa -> ulceration. Also damage kidneys if hypovolaemic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

High corticosteroid use can lead to what?

A

Cushings disease (hyperadrenocorticism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can you maintain a pet with acute D&V’s hydration status?

A

Oral rehydration solutions

If vomiting water -> give parenteral fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When symptomatically treating D&V, compare restricting food intake with feeding through diarrhoea

A

Restricting GI intake
-Fast for at least 12 hours then feed frequently with small amounts of bland food eg chicken and rice

Feeding through diarrhoea

  • Speeds recovery
  • Reduces potential of sepsis
  • Not practical if there is concurrent vomiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give some examples of anti-emetics

A

Centrally-acting:

  • Metoclopramide
  • Chlorpromazine
  • Maropitant

Anti-cholinergics:
-Atropine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When should you use a gastric mucosal protectant?

A

Only if:
Vomiting persists
Ulceration is present
- H2-receptor antagonists eg ranitidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do absorbents/protectants work? (used to treat diarrhoea)
Give some examples

A 
'Protect' mucosa
Bind toxins 
Bind excess water 
-Activated charcoal
-Kaolin-pectin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why are opioids used to treat diarrhoea?

A

Slow the rate of transit
Anti-secretory
-Morphine/kaolin
-Loperamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Give some pros and cons for using antibiotics to treat D&V

A

Cons:

  • ‘Upset’ the natural flora
  • Cause diarrhoea (eg antibiotic-associated colitis)
  • Promote resistance

Pros:

  • Flora is already ‘upset’
  • Risk of sepsis if mucosal barrier is compromised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the indications for antibiotics when treating D&V?
Haemorrhagic diarrhoea Diarrhoea + pyrexia Known infection (eg E.coli)
26
What are probiotics?
``` Live micro-organisms Administered orally Alter intestinal microflora Beneficial effect on health eg Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria ```
27
Give some examples of drugs used to induce vomiting (emetics)
Xylazine Apomorphine Only use if ingested object is smooth and was recently ingested
28
Describe canine haemorrhagic enteritis (HGE)
Affects all ages, especially toy/miniature breeds Unknown aetiology Not inflammatory Alters mucosal permeability or secretion
29
What are the clinical signs of canine haemorrhagic enteritis (HGE)?
``` Sudden onset of vomiting +/- blood May precede diarrhoea by a few hours Severe bloody diarrhoea Marked haemoconcentration (reduced serum but same no of RBCs -> increased blood viscosity and increased PCV: 60-80) Depression Shock ```
30
How do you treat canine haemorrhagic enteritis (HGE)?
Prompt vigorous fluid therapy - IV balanced electrolyte solution - 80ml/kg/hr infused rapidly until PCV death
31
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty/discomfort in swallowing
32
Give some signs of oropharyngeal disease
Dysphagia Drooling Halitosis Odynophagia (painful swallowing)
33
Give some signs of dysphagia
``` Difficulty lapping or forming a bolus Excessive jaw or head motion Dropping food from mouth Drooling/foaming at mouth Persistent, ineffective swallowing Nasal discharge Gagging Coughing Reluctance to eat Halitosis Blood-tinged saliva Failure to thrive ```
34
Give the two types of causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia
Functional: abnormal neuromuscular activity Morphological: structural abnormalities
35
Give some causes of functional (neuromuscular) dysphagia
Myasthenia gravis (muscle weakness) Cricopharyngeal chalasia/achalasia (relaxed upper oesophageal sphincter. Achalasia=failure to relax -> food cannot enter oesophagus) Brainstem disease Botulism
36
Give some causes of morpholigical dysphagia
``` Foreign bodies Oropharyngeal trauma Oropharyngeal inflammation Neoplasia Congenital/developmental -eg cleft palate, malocclusion, cleft lip ```
37
What is stomatitis?
Inflammation of oral mucosa
38
What is glossitis?
Inflammation of tongue
39
What is cheilitis?
Inflammation of lips
40
Give some signs of oesophageal disease
``` Regurgitation Drooling saliva Halitosis Dysphagia Odynophagia ```
41
Give some secondary signs of oesophageal disease
``` Malnutrition/dehydration Anorexia/polyphagia Aspiration pneumonia/tracheal compression -Cough -Dyspnoea ```
42
What is regurgitation?
Passive event (unlike vomiting) Undigested food covered by mucus/saliva Neutral pH Can occur immediately after eating or be delayed
43
Why may an animal be drooling saliva?
Failure to swallow normal volume of saliva (pseudoptyalism) | Increased saliva production (ptyalism)
44
What is the difference visually between the inside of a dogs and cats oesophagus?
Dog=very smooth | Cat=has thin rings, a bit like a trachea
45
Oesophageal disorders can be classified into which categories?
Motility (eg megaoesophagus) Inflammation (oesophagitis) Obstruction (foreign body eg stricture, neoplasia) Miscellaneous (broncho-oesophageal fistula)
46
What is megaoesophagus?
Oesophageal dilation with functional paralysis Failure of progressive peristalsis Can be primary/idiopathic or secondary
47
How can you diagnose megaoesophagus?
Radiography +/- contrast - Uniformly dilated, gas and/or fluid-filled - Ventral displacement of trachea - Secondary aspiration pneumonia Can also use fluoroscopy to assess oesophageal dysmotility
48
Give some conditions that meagoesophagus may be secondary to
Myasthenia gravis Distemper Trauma Oesophagitis
49
How can you treat idiopathic megaoesophagus?
Feed from a height (Bailey chair, place food bowls on chairs) Slurry, textured food, meatballs (easier way for food to get into stomach) Bethanecol? (muscarinic agonist) Metaclopramide? (antiemetic used to treat oesophageal problems, dopamine-receptor agonist)
50
What is the prognosis for idiopathic megaoesophagus?
Guarded, will never return to normal function Danger of aspiration pneumonia Spontaneous recovery in some congenital cases
51
Give some causes of oesophagitis
Ingestion of caustics and irritants Foreign bodies Acute and persistent vomiting Gastric reflux
52
Give some clinical signs of oesophagitis
``` Anorexia Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) Odynophagia (pain when swallowing) Regurgitation Hypersalivation ```
53
How do you diagnose oesophagitis?
Clinical signs Endoscopy Response to empirical treatment?
54
How do you treat oesophagitis?
General: Rest the oesophagus: frequent small feeds, antibiotics, liquid antacids, local anaesthetics, gastrostomy tube feeding Specific: Sucralfate (used to treat gastric ulcers and reflex) Antacids Metoclopramide (antiemetic)
55
What is a stricture? | What is the aetiology?
Narrowing of the oesophagus Caused by fibrosis after ulceration of mucosa by: -Foreign body -Caustic (corrosive) material -Severe oesophagitis -Gastric reflux esp pooled secretions during GA -Drug therapy eg doxycycline in cats
56
How do you dilate an oesophageal stricture?
Bougienage (snowplow effect) - Increased risk of perforation - Longitudinal shear force Balloon dilation - Radial stretch using a stationary force - Less risk of perforation as radial force is less traumatic - Can watch process with an endoscope - Inject steroid around the lesion to minimise recurrence
57
How do you treat an oesophogeal foreign body?
Per-oral approach: - Flexible or rigid endoscope - Preferably pull foreign body to mouth, or push to stomach for gastrotomy (surgical removal from stomach) - Check for oesophageal tear Surgical removal - Last resort - Essential if large laceration
58
What should you do after removal of an oesophageal foreign body?
May be post-removal oesophagitis Radiographs PEG tube (stomach tube feeding) Omeprazole (used to treat gastric reflex) Sucralfate (used to treat gastric reflex and ulcers)
59
What are the categories of acute V&D?
Non-fatal/self-limiting (parasites, diet) (just give advice, will get better by itself) Secondary to extra-intestinal/systemic disease (eg liver/pancreatic disease) Severe potentially life-threatening (eg enteric infection, HGE-hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, intestinal obstruction)
60
What kind of drug is Maropitant?
Anti-emetic, centrally-acting | NK-1 receptor antagonist

Year 3 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions