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Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Bax is…

A

pro apoptotic

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2
Q

Bcl2 is…

A

anti apoptotic

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3
Q

Apaf-1 is…

A

pro apoptotic

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4
Q

what 3 conditions give caseous necrosis

A

TB, systemic fungi and nocardi

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5
Q

what cell processes are NOT reversible

A

nuclear pykonosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis
plasma membrane damage
lysosomal rupture
mitochondrial permeability/vaculoziation

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6
Q

area of the heart most susceptible to ischemia

A

subendocardial area

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7
Q

area of the kidney most susceptible to ischemia

A

straight part of the PCT

thick ascending loop

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8
Q

area of the liver most susceptible to ischemia

A

area around the central vein- zone III

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9
Q

area of the colon most susceptible to ischemia

A

sigmoid (rectum) and splenic flexure

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10
Q

hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy causes damage to

A

pyramidal cells of the hippocampus

purkinje fibers of the cerebellum

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11
Q

what causes reperfusion injury

A

free radical damage

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12
Q

causes of high output shock

A

sepsis, distirbutive, neurogenic, anaphylactic

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13
Q

causes of low output shock

A

cardiogenic, hypovolemic

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14
Q

how to differentiate cardiogenic from hypovolemic shock

A

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
High in cardiogenic
Low in hypovolemic

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15
Q

which type of shock improves with IV fluids

A

low output shock

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16
Q

signs of chromatolysis

A

process of axonal injury and repair of teh damaged acon
round cellular swelling, displacement of the nucleus to the side and dispersion of the nissl substance throughout the cytoplasm

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17
Q

calcium levels with dystrophic calcification

A

normal

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18
Q

calclium levels with metastatic calcification

A

abnormal

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19
Q

what binds P selectin and E selectin

A

sialy Lewis X (on PMN)

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20
Q

molecules responsible for tight binding

A

ICAM and VCAM on endothelium (CD 54 and 106)

LFA/ mac1 and VLA4 on the neutrophil (CD11/18 integrins)

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21
Q

how do free radical damage cells

A

membrane lipid peroxidation, protein modification and DNA breakage

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22
Q

Pathology associated with free radical damage

A

retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopumonary dysplasia, carbon tetrachloride liver necrosis, acetaminophen overdose, iron overload, and reperfusion injury

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23
Q

collagen arangement in hypertrophic scars

A

parallel.

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24
Q

collagen arangement in keloid scars

A

disorganized

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25
function of FGF
stimualtes angiogenesis
26
function of EGF
cell growth via tyrosine kinase
27
function of PDGF
stimulates fibroblast growth for collagen synthesis, vascular remodeling, smooth muscle migration
28
three main players in scar formation
capillaries for nutrition fibroblasts myofibroblasts- wound contraction
29
what co factor does going from type 3 collagen to type 1 collagen require
its done by a collagenase enzyme and requires zinc
30
what is the chemical that is thought to maintain granuloma formation
TNFa
31
is exudate thick or thin
thick
32
what causes the elevated ESR
increased fibrinogen which is stimualted by IL6
33
what 3 conditions cause decreased SED rate
sickle cell, polycythemia, and CHF (mechanism unknown)
34
iron poisoning mechanism
peroxidation of membrane lipids- leads to cell death
35
treatment of iron poisoning
deferoxamine IV or oral deferasirox for chelation | dialysis
36
primary amyoidosis
AL amyloid- light chains
37
secondary amyloid
AA amyloid- seen with chronic conditions. composed of serum amyloid A
38
dialysis related amyloid
B2 microglobulin amyloid. often presents as carpal tunnel
39
heritable amyloid
mutation in transthyretin (TTR) or prealbumin
40
age related senile amyloid
deposition of normal transthyretin in myocardium and other sites.
41
amylin deposition
this is from type 2 diabetes and is deposited in pancreatic iselts.
42
amyloid Beta protein
alzhemiers
43
why is lipofuscin made
oxidation and polymerization of autophagocytosed organellar membranes. wear and tear protein. normal with age
44
p gylcoprotein
multidrug resistance protien 1- MDR1. expressed by some cancer cells like in the colon and liver to pump out toxins including our drugs
45
dysplasia
abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape and size. commonly pre-neoplastic
46
anaplasia
loss of structural differentiation and function of cells, resembling primitive cells of the same tissue. usually seen with undifferentiated malignant neoplasms
47
neoplasia
clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive. may be benign or malignant.
48
desmoplasi
fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm- linits plastica in diffuse stomach cancer
49
which is more prognostic tumor grade or stage
stage
50
how do carcinomas like to spread
lymphatiC
51
how to sarcomas like to spread
hematogenouS
52
what are the three exceptions to the carcinoma rule (3 carcinomas that like to spread hematogenously)
renal cell carcinoma hepatocellular carcinoma follicular carcinoma of the thyroid choriocarcinoma
53
cancer associated with polycythemia
renal cell carcinoma | hepatocellular carcinoma
54
cancer associated with tuberous sclerosis
giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiomyolipoma and cardiac rhabdomyoma
55
cancer assocaited with xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism
all skin cancer but mostly squamous cell carcinoma
56
what is the gene product of BCR-ABL
tyrosine kinase
57
what is the gene product of bcl2
anti apoptosis molecule
58
what is the gene product of BRAF
associated with melanoma. serine/threonine kinase
59
what is the gene product of ckit
associated with stromal gastric tumor- cytokine receptor for stem cell factor
60
what is the gene product of c myc
transcription factor. burkit lymphoma
61
what is the gene product of her 2
tyrosine kianse
62
what is the gene product of L myc
transcription factor
63
what is the gene product of N myc
transcription factor. assocaited with neuroblastoma
64
what is the gene product of ras
associated with colon cancer, lung cancer and pancreatic cancer. GTPase
65
what is the gene product of ret
seen with MEN2a, 2b | tyrosine kinase
66
APC mutation
colon cancer with FAP
67
BRAC1/2
DNA repair molecule
68
CPD4/SMAD4
pancreatic cancer, DPC
69
DCC gene
colon cancer
70
NF1
Ras GTPase activating protein
71
NF2
merlin protein
72
p16
melanoma- cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A
73
rb
inhibits E2F by binding to it. when rb gets phosphorylated, it is considered in active and no longer binds to E2F so E2F can function in cell cycle
74
TSC1
tuberous sclerosis- hamartin protein
75
TSC2
tuberous sclerosis - tuberin protein
76
VHL
seen on Von hippel lindau- inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a
77
Ca15-3/Ca27-29
breast cancer
78
Ca 19-9
pancreatic cancer (adenocarcinoma)
79
Ca125
ovarian cancer
80
calcitonin
medullary thyroid cancer
81
CEA
mostly in colon tumors
82
S100
neural crest in origin. melanomas, neural tumors, schwanomas, langerhans cell histiocytomoas
83
TRAP
hair cell leukemia. also a marker for osteoclast activity
84
liver fluke clonorchis sinesnsis
cholangiocarcinoma
85
schistosoma haematobium
bladder cancer (squamous cell)
86
arsenic
lung: lung cancer: liver: angiosarcoma skin: squamous cell
87
aspergilus aflatoxins
liver: hepatocellular carcinoma
88
carbon tetrachloride
liver: centrilobular necrosis, fatty change
89
ionizing radiation
thyroid cancer- papillary thyroid carcinoma
90
radon
lung cancer
91
vinyl chloride
angiosarcoma
92
4 diseases with psammoma bodies
papillary thyroid carcinoma serous papillary cystadenoma of the ovary meningioma metastatic mesothelioma
93
cancers that secrete PTHrp and ultimately give hypercalcemia
squamous cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer
94
lambert eaton like symptoms from cancer
lambert eaton myasthenic syndrome from small cell lung carcinoma. antibodies against presynaptic ca channels at the NMJ

First Aid Chapters (8 decks)

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