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First Aid Chapters > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Bax is…

A

pro apoptotic

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2
Q

Bcl2 is…

A

anti apoptotic

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3
Q

Apaf-1 is…

A

pro apoptotic

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4
Q

what 3 conditions give caseous necrosis

A

TB, systemic fungi and nocardi

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5
Q

what cell processes are NOT reversible

A

nuclear pykonosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis
plasma membrane damage
lysosomal rupture
mitochondrial permeability/vaculoziation

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6
Q

area of the heart most susceptible to ischemia

A

subendocardial area

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7
Q

area of the kidney most susceptible to ischemia

A

straight part of the PCT

thick ascending loop

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8
Q

area of the liver most susceptible to ischemia

A

area around the central vein- zone III

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9
Q

area of the colon most susceptible to ischemia

A

sigmoid (rectum) and splenic flexure

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10
Q

hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy causes damage to

A

pyramidal cells of the hippocampus

purkinje fibers of the cerebellum

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11
Q

what causes reperfusion injury

A

free radical damage

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12
Q

causes of high output shock

A

sepsis, distirbutive, neurogenic, anaphylactic

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13
Q

causes of low output shock

A

cardiogenic, hypovolemic

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14
Q

how to differentiate cardiogenic from hypovolemic shock

A

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
High in cardiogenic
Low in hypovolemic

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15
Q

which type of shock improves with IV fluids

A

low output shock

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16
Q

signs of chromatolysis

A

process of axonal injury and repair of teh damaged acon
round cellular swelling, displacement of the nucleus to the side and dispersion of the nissl substance throughout the cytoplasm

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17
Q

calcium levels with dystrophic calcification

A

normal

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18
Q

calclium levels with metastatic calcification

A

abnormal

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19
Q

what binds P selectin and E selectin

A

sialy Lewis X (on PMN)

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20
Q

molecules responsible for tight binding

A

ICAM and VCAM on endothelium (CD 54 and 106)

LFA/ mac1 and VLA4 on the neutrophil (CD11/18 integrins)

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21
Q

how do free radical damage cells

A

membrane lipid peroxidation, protein modification and DNA breakage

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22
Q

Pathology associated with free radical damage

A

retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopumonary dysplasia, carbon tetrachloride liver necrosis, acetaminophen overdose, iron overload, and reperfusion injury

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23
Q

collagen arangement in hypertrophic scars

A

parallel.

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24
Q

collagen arangement in keloid scars

A

disorganized

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25
Q

function of FGF

A

stimualtes angiogenesis

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26
Q

function of EGF

A

cell growth via tyrosine kinase

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27
Q

function of PDGF

A

stimulates fibroblast growth for collagen synthesis, vascular remodeling, smooth muscle migration

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28
Q

three main players in scar formation

A

capillaries for nutrition
fibroblasts
myofibroblasts- wound contraction

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29
Q

what co factor does going from type 3 collagen to type 1 collagen require

A

its done by a collagenase enzyme and requires zinc

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30
Q

what is the chemical that is thought to maintain granuloma formation

A

TNFa

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31
Q

is exudate thick or thin

A

thick

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32
Q

what causes the elevated ESR

A

increased fibrinogen which is stimualted by IL6

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33
Q

what 3 conditions cause decreased SED rate

A

sickle cell, polycythemia, and CHF (mechanism unknown)

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34
Q

iron poisoning mechanism

A

peroxidation of membrane lipids- leads to cell death

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35
Q

treatment of iron poisoning

A

deferoxamine IV or oral deferasirox for chelation

dialysis

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36
Q

primary amyoidosis

A

AL amyloid- light chains

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37
Q

secondary amyloid

A

AA amyloid- seen with chronic conditions. composed of serum amyloid A

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38
Q

dialysis related amyloid

A

B2 microglobulin amyloid. often presents as carpal tunnel

39
Q

heritable amyloid

A

mutation in transthyretin (TTR) or prealbumin

40
Q

age related senile amyloid

A

deposition of normal transthyretin in myocardium and other sites.

41
Q

amylin deposition

A

this is from type 2 diabetes and is deposited in pancreatic iselts.

42
Q

amyloid Beta protein

A

alzhemiers

43
Q

why is lipofuscin made

A

oxidation and polymerization of autophagocytosed organellar membranes. wear and tear protein. normal with age

44
Q

p gylcoprotein

A

multidrug resistance protien 1- MDR1. expressed by some cancer cells like in the colon and liver to pump out toxins including our drugs

45
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape and size. commonly pre-neoplastic

46
Q

anaplasia

A

loss of structural differentiation and function of cells, resembling primitive cells of the same tissue. usually seen with undifferentiated malignant neoplasms

47
Q

neoplasia

A

clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive. may be benign or malignant.

48
Q

desmoplasi

A

fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm- linits plastica in diffuse stomach cancer

49
Q

which is more prognostic tumor grade or stage

A

stage

50
Q

how do carcinomas like to spread

A

lymphatiC

51
Q

how to sarcomas like to spread

A

hematogenouS

52
Q

what are the three exceptions to the carcinoma rule (3 carcinomas that like to spread hematogenously)

A

renal cell carcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
follicular carcinoma of the thyroid
choriocarcinoma

53
Q

cancer associated with polycythemia

A

renal cell carcinoma

hepatocellular carcinoma

54
Q

cancer associated with tuberous sclerosis

A

giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiomyolipoma and cardiac rhabdomyoma

55
Q

cancer assocaited with xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism

A

all skin cancer but mostly squamous cell carcinoma

56
Q

what is the gene product of BCR-ABL

A

tyrosine kinase

57
Q

what is the gene product of bcl2

A

anti apoptosis molecule

58
Q

what is the gene product of BRAF

A

associated with melanoma. serine/threonine kinase

59
Q

what is the gene product of ckit

A

associated with stromal gastric tumor- cytokine receptor for stem cell factor

60
Q

what is the gene product of c myc

A

transcription factor. burkit lymphoma

61
Q

what is the gene product of her 2

A

tyrosine kianse

62
Q

what is the gene product of L myc

A

transcription factor

63
Q

what is the gene product of N myc

A

transcription factor. assocaited with neuroblastoma

64
Q

what is the gene product of ras

A

associated with colon cancer, lung cancer and pancreatic cancer. GTPase

65
Q

what is the gene product of ret

A

seen with MEN2a, 2b

tyrosine kinase

66
Q

APC mutation

A

colon cancer with FAP

67
Q

BRAC1/2

A

DNA repair molecule

68
Q

CPD4/SMAD4

A

pancreatic cancer, DPC

69
Q

DCC gene

A

colon cancer

70
Q

NF1

A

Ras GTPase activating protein

71
Q

NF2

A

merlin protein

72
Q

p16

A

melanoma- cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A

73
Q

rb

A

inhibits E2F by binding to it. when rb gets phosphorylated, it is considered in active and no longer binds to E2F so E2F can function in cell cycle

74
Q

TSC1

A

tuberous sclerosis- hamartin protein

75
Q

TSC2

A

tuberous sclerosis - tuberin protein

76
Q

VHL

A

seen on Von hippel lindau- inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a

77
Q

Ca15-3/Ca27-29

A

breast cancer

78
Q

Ca 19-9

A

pancreatic cancer (adenocarcinoma)

79
Q

Ca125

A

ovarian cancer

80
Q

calcitonin

A

medullary thyroid cancer

81
Q

CEA

A

mostly in colon tumors

82
Q

S100

A

neural crest in origin. melanomas, neural tumors, schwanomas, langerhans cell histiocytomoas

83
Q

TRAP

A

hair cell leukemia. also a marker for osteoclast activity

84
Q

liver fluke clonorchis sinesnsis

A

cholangiocarcinoma

85
Q

schistosoma haematobium

A

bladder cancer (squamous cell)

86
Q

arsenic

A

lung: lung cancer:
liver: angiosarcoma
skin: squamous cell

87
Q

aspergilus aflatoxins

A

liver: hepatocellular carcinoma

88
Q

carbon tetrachloride

A

liver: centrilobular necrosis, fatty change

89
Q

ionizing radiation

A

thyroid cancer- papillary thyroid carcinoma

90
Q

radon

A

lung cancer

91
Q

vinyl chloride

A

angiosarcoma

92
Q

4 diseases with psammoma bodies

A

papillary thyroid carcinoma
serous papillary cystadenoma of the ovary
meningioma
metastatic mesothelioma

93
Q

cancers that secrete PTHrp and ultimately give hypercalcemia

A

squamous cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer

94
Q

lambert eaton like symptoms from cancer

A

lambert eaton myasthenic syndrome from small cell lung carcinoma. antibodies against presynaptic ca channels at the NMJ

First Aid Chapters (8 decks)

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