Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NMSK-B II > Pathology 2.1 > Flashcards

Pathology 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do bacteria usually localize in an infectious disease of the CNS?

A
  • leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia) –> meningitis

- parenchyma –> cerebritis then progresses to abscess formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where do viruses and fungi usually localize in an infectious disease of the CNS?

A
  • preferred intracranial and intraspinal sites
  • ex: polio virus at motor neurons of the spinal cord and bulbar area
  • ex: HSV in temporal lobes
  • ex: cryptococcus in leptomeninges
  • aspergillus induces cerebral parenchymal abscesses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which type of infection is caused by bacteria?

A

meningitis (most severe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which type of infection is caused by virus?

A

encephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the brain repair itself?

A

astrogleosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does syphilis infect the CNS?

A
  • Treponema gains access to the CNS through the bloodstream
  • prolonged residency in neural tissues, causing:
  • infection
  • sensory abnormalities
  • dementia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does RMSF (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) infect the CNS?

A

targets endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is leptomeningitis?

A

An inflammatory process that is localized to the interfacing surfaces of the pia and arachnoid, where CSF flows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is pachymeningitis?

A
  • Inflammation of the dura, usually a consequence of contiguous infection, such as chronic sinusitis or mastoiditis.
  • The dura is a barrier to infection, and inflammation is restricted to its outer surface.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which bacterial meningitis is most common in neonates?

A

E. coli (Gr - rod)
Group B Strep (Gr + cocci)
(normal microbiota of urethra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which bacterial meningitis is most common in infants (3mo to yrs)?

A

H. influenzae

**Gr - rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which bacterial meningitis is most common in adults?

A 
Strep pneumococcus (Gr +)
**purple diplococci
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which bacterial meningitis is most common in military barracks?

A

N. meningitidis (Gr -)

**pink doplococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is characteristic in the CSF of bacterial meningitis?

A

neutrophils int eh CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the hallmark of meningitis caused by TB, viral meningitis, and chronic fungal infections?

A

lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the brain look like grossly in bacterial meningitis?

A
  • exudate of PMNs and fibrin
  • opacified arachnoid
  • creamy gray or white appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does bacterial meningitis present clinically?

A
  • vomitting
  • fever
  • convulsions (children)
  • untreated = coma, death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Kernig and Brudzinski signs?

A

Kernig:
-cervical rigidity, head retraction, pain in the knee when the hip is flexed

Brudinski:
-spontaneous flexion of the knees and hips when the neck is flexed

19
Q

What is characteristic of TB meningitis?

A
  • TB granulomas in meninges
  • strong predilection of meninges at base of brain around chiasm
  • result in meningeal fibrosis which leads to communicating hydrocephalus
  • also lead to arteritis (responsible for parenchymal infarcts)
20
Q

What is tuberculmoa?

A
  • parenchymal involvement by TB
  • solitary spherical mass with a central area of caseous necrosis
  • TB get to brain through blood
21
Q

What is Pott’s Disease?

A
  • TB of spine

- epidermal granulomatous mass causes spinal destruction and spinal cord compression

22
Q

Which stain is only used for TB?

A

AFB (acid-fast bacillus) stain

23
Q

What is the most common viral disease of the CNS?

A

viral meningitis

24
Q

What is the clinical presentation of viral meningitis?

A
  • sudden febrile illness

- headache

25
Q

What is aseptic meningitis?

A

viral meningitis

26
Q

What is characteristic of the CSF in viral meningitis?

A
  • excess lymphocytes
  • slight protein increase
  • NO decrease in CSF glucose
27
Q

What are the most common causative agents of viral meningitis?

A
  • Enteroviruses including Coxsackie B
  • Mumps virus
  • Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mono)
  • Echovirus
  • Herpesvirus
28
Q

What is the number one cause of meningitis in AIDS patients?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

29
Q

What are characteristics of Cryptococcus meningitis?

A
  • meninges, spendyma, choroid plexus
  • discrete white nodules (gross)
  • encapsulated spheres w/ gelatinous capsule
  • *show a clear halo with India ink stain
  • capsule sheds antigens which are detected in CSF by latex cryptococcal agglutination test
30
Q

Where does Cryptococcus usually infect?

A
  • lungs

- meninges

31
Q

What is a cerebral abscess?

A
  • cerebral cortex and subjacent white matter contain richest capillary bed in brain
  • localized area of infeciton from hematogenous spread of bacteria
  • replicate and elicit acute inflammatory reaction (cerebritis)
32
Q

What is viral encephalitis?

A

-transmission of some viruses within neural tissues

33
Q

What does polio affect in viral encephalitis?

A

motor neurons of the spinal cord

34
Q

What does rabies affect in viral encephalitis?

A

brainstem

35
Q

What does herpes simplex affect in viral encephalitis?

A

temporal lobes

36
Q

What does SSPE and PML affect inviral encephalitis?

A

cerebral hemispheres

37
Q

What is the cytopathic effect of viral encephalitis?

A

inclusion bodies which contain the virus

38
Q

What is the hallmark of viral encephalitis histologically?

A
  • perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes involving small arteries and arterioles
  • [additional diagnostic: inclusion bodies]
39
Q

Which type of inclusion bodies are seen in herpes simplex?

A
  • small
  • eosinophilic
  • intranuclear inclusions
40
Q

Which type of inclusion bodies are seen in rabies?

A

-cytoplasmic “Negri bodies”

41
Q

Which type of inclusion bodies are seen in CMV?

A
  • basophilic

- intranuclear inclusions

42
Q

Which type of inclusion bodies are seen in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)?

A
  • basophilic

- intranuclear inclusions

43
Q

Which type of inclusion bodies are seen in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)?

A
  • intranuclear inclusions

- ground glass appearance to the nucleus

NMSK-B II (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions