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WRAP UP > PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

how long does it take for neurons to run out of ATP?

A

3 mins

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2
Q

how long does it take neurons to become red (dead) neurons?

A

12 hours -shrunken, hypereosinophilic

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3
Q

when do neutrophils invade in cerebral infarcts?

A

24-48 hrs

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4
Q

when do macrophages invade in cerebral infarcts?

A

72 hrs - 3 wks

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5
Q

when do you see these micropath findings in cerebral infarction: astrocyte proliferation around empty space, with their processes forming wall around the hole left behind

A

3 wks - 3 months

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6
Q

what is a dandy-walker formation?

A

agenesis of cerebellar vermis w/ cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle (fills the enlarged post. fossa) -assoc. w/ hydrocephalus & spina bifida

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7
Q

what are 4 possible causes of hydrocephalus in a baby?

A
  1. intraventricular matrix hemorrhage (premature infants)
  2. Arnold-Chiari malformation
  3. Dandy-walker malformation
  4. Spina bifida
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8
Q

what are 2 causes of hydrocephalus in an older child?

A
  1. tumor (ependymoma, medulloblastoma) 2. Infection
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9
Q

what are 2 causes of hydrocephalus in an adult?

A
  1. subarachnoid hemorrhage 2. tumor (astrocytoma, mets)
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10
Q

name the term: bruise an area of hemorrhage into soft tissue due to rupture of blood vessels caused by blunt trauma

A

contusion

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11
Q

what is the cause: necrotizing and hemorrhagic infection, involving the inferior and medial regions of the temporal lobes and the orbital gyri of frontal lobes

A

Herpes encephalitis

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12
Q

what are the 3 M’s of herpes simplex virus infection?

A

Multinucleation

Molded nuclei

Marginated chromatin note exception: brain, liver

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13
Q

what is the brain equivalent of a granuloma?

A

microglial nodule

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14
Q

HIV virus is most likely carried into the brain by what types of immune cells?

A

monocytes

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15
Q

name the micropath finding: round-oval eosinophilic or amphophilic cytoplasmic inclusions containing Rabies viral proteins and RNA

A

Negri body

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16
Q

what is the MC type of CNS primary lymphoma?

A

diffuse large B-cell

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17
Q

name the pathology: micropath has vascular & perivascular infiltration, primarily by large cells w/ oval nuclei & small amount of cytoplasm; in an immunosuppressed transplant pt

A

CNS primary lymphoma

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18
Q

metastatic lesions account for about what percentage of intracranial tumors?

A

about 1/4 to 1/2 (mets form sharply demarcated masses, often at the gray-white junction)

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19
Q

Tumors of which organs most commonly send mets to the brain?

A

lung

breast

skin (melanoma)

kidney

GI tract

20
Q

what are the 2 major histopathologic findings of rabies?

A
  1. mononuclear cell infiltration, perivascular cuffing (lymphs or polys), nodules of glial cells
  2. negri bodies
21
Q

name the pathology: perivascular pseudorosettes

A

ependymoma perivascular pseudorosettes: tumor cells are arranged around BVs w/ an intervening zone containing thin ependymal processes

22
Q

which brain tumor is one of the “small round blue cell “ tumors?

A

medulloblastoma

23
Q

what are homer-wright rosettes, and which brain tumor has them?

A

homer-wright rosettes= primitive tumor cells surrounding central neuropil Seen in medulloblastomas (kids)

24
Q

which inflammatory cytokine is the main effector of injury in alocholics?

A

TNF

25
Q

about what percentage of alcoholics get cirrhosis?

A

15%

26
Q

how many yrs of chronic alcoholism does it take to get cirrhosis?

A

15 yrs

27
Q

which hormone is released post-prandially by endocrine cells in the ileum and colon, is a satiety signal?

A

Peptide YY

28
Q

asians are considered overweight at what BMI?

A

23-24.9

29
Q

asians are considered obese at what BMI?

A

>25

30
Q

what cytokine is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced exclusively by adipocytes.

A

adiponectin

31
Q

what does adiponectin do?

A

enhances insulin sensitivity & inhibits many steps in the inflamm. process note: this is reduced in the metabolic syndrome

32
Q

what does leptin do?

A

secreted from adipose, goes to hypothalamus, where it reduces food intake by stimulating POMC/CART neurons & inhibiting NPY/AgRP neurons Also increases energy expenditure by stimulating physical activity, energy expenditure and thermogenesis

33
Q

which adult brain tumor is pseudopalisidating ?

A

glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV astrocytoma)

34
Q

Tumoral CDKN2A deletions or inactivations are seen in what two tumors?

A

70% of glioblastomas 75% of Pancreatic carcinomas

35
Q

What is the mnemonic for Ring-enhancing lesions on MRI?

A

M-metastasis

A-abscess

G-Glioblastoma multiforme

I-infarct (subacute phase)

C-Contusion

D-Demyelinating Dz

R-Radiation necrosis or Resolving hematoma

L-Lymphoma

36
Q

what is stertorous breathing?

A

heavy snoring or gasping sound; heard during post-ictal phase

37
Q

___________ are most commonly polymicrobial, due to a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic oral flora bacteria.

A

brain abscesses

38
Q

___________ are most commonly polymicrobial, due to a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic oral flora bacteria.

A

brain abscesses

39
Q

which blood alcohol level is legally drunk driving in most states?

A

80 mg/dL

40
Q

what blood alcohol level causes stupor in most people?

A

300 mg/dL

41
Q

what blood alcohol level causes stupor in most people?

A

300 mg/dL

42
Q

which infection characteristically begins with the abrupt onset of fever, headache, myalgia, & malaise following an incubation period of about 2 days?

A

influenza

43
Q

what do you call the fruiting bodies of aspergillus?

A

conidiophores note: specific but rarely seen in tissue b/c it requires contact with air

44
Q

what do you call the fruiting bodies of aspergillus?

A

conidiophores note: specific but rarely seen in tissue b/c it requires contact with air

45
Q

what part of the GI tract do ascaris worms like to live?

A

small intestine

46
Q

which part of the GI tract do whipworms like to live?

A

colon

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