PATHOLOGY Flashcards
how long does it take for neurons to run out of ATP?
3 mins
how long does it take neurons to become red (dead) neurons?
12 hours -shrunken, hypereosinophilic
when do neutrophils invade in cerebral infarcts?
24-48 hrs
when do macrophages invade in cerebral infarcts?
72 hrs - 3 wks
when do you see these micropath findings in cerebral infarction: astrocyte proliferation around empty space, with their processes forming wall around the hole left behind
3 wks - 3 months
what is a dandy-walker formation?
agenesis of cerebellar vermis w/ cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle (fills the enlarged post. fossa) -assoc. w/ hydrocephalus & spina bifida
what are 4 possible causes of hydrocephalus in a baby?
- intraventricular matrix hemorrhage (premature infants)
- Arnold-Chiari malformation
- Dandy-walker malformation
- Spina bifida
what are 2 causes of hydrocephalus in an older child?
- tumor (ependymoma, medulloblastoma) 2. Infection
what are 2 causes of hydrocephalus in an adult?
- subarachnoid hemorrhage 2. tumor (astrocytoma, mets)
name the term: bruise an area of hemorrhage into soft tissue due to rupture of blood vessels caused by blunt trauma
contusion
what is the cause: necrotizing and hemorrhagic infection, involving the inferior and medial regions of the temporal lobes and the orbital gyri of frontal lobes
Herpes encephalitis
what are the 3 M’s of herpes simplex virus infection?
Multinucleation
Molded nuclei
Marginated chromatin note exception: brain, liver
what is the brain equivalent of a granuloma?
microglial nodule
HIV virus is most likely carried into the brain by what types of immune cells?
monocytes
name the micropath finding: round-oval eosinophilic or amphophilic cytoplasmic inclusions containing Rabies viral proteins and RNA
Negri body
what is the MC type of CNS primary lymphoma?
diffuse large B-cell
name the pathology: micropath has vascular & perivascular infiltration, primarily by large cells w/ oval nuclei & small amount of cytoplasm; in an immunosuppressed transplant pt
CNS primary lymphoma
metastatic lesions account for about what percentage of intracranial tumors?
about 1/4 to 1/2 (mets form sharply demarcated masses, often at the gray-white junction)
Tumors of which organs most commonly send mets to the brain?
lung
breast
skin (melanoma)
kidney
GI tract
what are the 2 major histopathologic findings of rabies?
- mononuclear cell infiltration, perivascular cuffing (lymphs or polys), nodules of glial cells
- negri bodies
name the pathology: perivascular pseudorosettes
ependymoma perivascular pseudorosettes: tumor cells are arranged around BVs w/ an intervening zone containing thin ependymal processes
which brain tumor is one of the “small round blue cell “ tumors?
medulloblastoma
what are homer-wright rosettes, and which brain tumor has them?
homer-wright rosettes= primitive tumor cells surrounding central neuropil Seen in medulloblastomas (kids)
which inflammatory cytokine is the main effector of injury in alocholics?
TNF
about what percentage of alcoholics get cirrhosis?
15%
how many yrs of chronic alcoholism does it take to get cirrhosis?
15 yrs
which hormone is released post-prandially by endocrine cells in the ileum and colon, is a satiety signal?
Peptide YY
asians are considered overweight at what BMI?
23-24.9
asians are considered obese at what BMI?
>25
what cytokine is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced exclusively by adipocytes.
adiponectin
what does adiponectin do?
enhances insulin sensitivity & inhibits many steps in the inflamm. process note: this is reduced in the metabolic syndrome
what does leptin do?
secreted from adipose, goes to hypothalamus, where it reduces food intake by stimulating POMC/CART neurons & inhibiting NPY/AgRP neurons Also increases energy expenditure by stimulating physical activity, energy expenditure and thermogenesis
which adult brain tumor is pseudopalisidating ?
glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV astrocytoma)
Tumoral CDKN2A deletions or inactivations are seen in what two tumors?
70% of glioblastomas 75% of Pancreatic carcinomas
What is the mnemonic for Ring-enhancing lesions on MRI?
M-metastasis
A-abscess
G-Glioblastoma multiforme
I-infarct (subacute phase)
C-Contusion
D-Demyelinating Dz
R-Radiation necrosis or Resolving hematoma
L-Lymphoma
what is stertorous breathing?
heavy snoring or gasping sound; heard during post-ictal phase
___________ are most commonly polymicrobial, due to a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic oral flora bacteria.
brain abscesses
___________ are most commonly polymicrobial, due to a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic oral flora bacteria.
brain abscesses
which blood alcohol level is legally drunk driving in most states?
80 mg/dL
what blood alcohol level causes stupor in most people?
300 mg/dL
what blood alcohol level causes stupor in most people?
300 mg/dL
which infection characteristically begins with the abrupt onset of fever, headache, myalgia, & malaise following an incubation period of about 2 days?
influenza
what do you call the fruiting bodies of aspergillus?
conidiophores note: specific but rarely seen in tissue b/c it requires contact with air
what do you call the fruiting bodies of aspergillus?
conidiophores note: specific but rarely seen in tissue b/c it requires contact with air
what part of the GI tract do ascaris worms like to live?
small intestine
which part of the GI tract do whipworms like to live?
colon
