PATHOLOGY 2 Flashcards
What happened to a lung that weighs less than it should and has less alveoli than projected for gestational age?
Hypoplasia from oligohydramnios or decreased intrathoracic space
What may cause non-bilious vomiting with an air bubble in the stomach?
Tracheoesophageal fistula
What is the major complication of a bronchogenic cyst? Another name for these?
Infection; Foregut cyst
This presents as a nodule with a pleural lining and served by the aorta
Extralobar sequestration
What is the most common cause of resorption atelectasis?
Excess Secretion
What happens to 1) Nearby lung tissue 2) Diaphragm and 3) Chest wall in a resorption atelectasis?
The nearby tissue distends, the diaphragm elevates, and the chest wall flattens
Fibrotic changes of lung and/or pleura are the major cause of this type of atelectasis
Restrictive Atelectasis
When does alveolar fibrosis occur in pulmonary edema?
if the edema is long-standing, as in mitral stenosis
What is the hallmark of ARDS?
Hyaline membranes at the blood-air barrier
What is the hallmark of acute interstitial pneumonia? AKA?
Diffuse damage with ridiculously thickened alveolar walls–lots of macro’s but few neutro’s b/c not infected? HAMMAN-RICH SYNDROME
What are the CXR findings in pulmonary embolus?
NORMAL, usually–that’s why you do spiral CT
What lung pathology can Fen-Phen cause? Cardiac?
Pulmonary HTN; Phen-Fen valvulitis
A middle aged man presents with sinusitis, hemoptysis and hematuria. What test should you order?
c-ANCA, this is a classic presentation of Wegener’s Granulomatosis
What are the 4 general obstructive diseases of lungs? Which are COPD?
Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema, Asthma, and Bronchiectasis. COPD = Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
What differentiates asthma from COPD, in general?
Reversible bronchospasm
Which types of emphysema both predominately affect the upper lungs?
Centricacinar/Centrilobular caused by smoking and Distal Acinar/Paraseptal–bullous emphysema
Why would a person with emphysema get heart failure?
Because the lung disease can cause pulmonary hypertension = cor pulmonale
Differentiate the implication of smoking in chronic bronchitis from centroacinar emphysema:
In centroacinar emphysema the issue is that the smoke is inhibiting antitrypsin and allowing elastase to destroy alveoli, in CB the smoke is killing off the cilia and producing inflammation.
What is the cause of the type of emphysema that mostly affects the lower parts of the lungs?
This is Panacinar emphysema and is caused by homozygous A1AT deficiency
Essentially, how do you define chronic bronchitis?
Persistent cough with copious sputum for greater than 3 months over a period of 2 years
Who are the blue bloaters? Who are the pink puffers?
Blue bloaters = chronic bronchitis and pink puffers = emphysema
What are the early microscopic findings in chronic bronchitis (2)?
Mucus in the airway, hypertrophy of submucosal glands
What are the late microscopic findings in chronic bronchitis (3)?
Goblet cell hyperplasia, increased Reid index, and squamous metaplasia
What is the deadly, unrefractory form of asthma?
Status asthmaticus
Which type of asthma has normal serum IgE, most common cause?
Non-Atopic asthma from infection, usually
What are the 2 general causes of bronchiectasis? End result?
Congenital malformation of bronchial tree, or post-infection? Either way it is a PERMANENT DILATION of the bronchus
What antibody isotype is present in lung disease caused by Aspergillus fumigatus? Name of disease?
IgE, Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
What are the genetics of Kartagener Syndrome?
Autosomal Recessive
Who gets Curshmann spirals and Charcot-Leyden crystals? What would a Charcot-Leyden crystal in a stool sample indicate?
Asthmatics; it would indicate a parasitic GI infection
What exactly is a Charcot-Leyden crystal?
It is a crystal formed from EOSINOPHIL MEMBRANE PROTEIN, indicating eosinophils are present
What kind of emphysema is caused by Coal Worker Pneumoconiosis? Why is this a weird form of emphysema?
Centriacinar emphysema, it is weird bc black lung also has fibrosis, which is atypical for emphysema
What kind of emphysema is caused by A1AT deficiency? Affects what aspect of lungs?
Panacinar emphysema, affects lower lobes
Which obstructive disease is most likely to result in lung cancer, why?
Chronic bronchitis because in late stages it can lead to squamous metaplasia to deal with the chronic inflammation, this predisposes to CA
Explain why chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis lead to recurrent pneumonia:
Chronic bronchitis involves loss of cilia and bronchiectasis involves widening of bronchi so the cilia are not as effective at moving stuff up.
Which obstructive disease is most likely caused by insipissated mucus? What is the cause for this mucus?
Bronchiectasis from cystic fibrosis
Where do laryngeal cartilages come from? Airway cartilages?
Laryngeal cartilage is from neural crest (ectoderm) and airway cartilage is from splanchnic mesoderm
Where is the cricothyroid muscle from? What innervates it?
Pharyngeal arch 4, superior laryngeal nerve
Laryngeal muscles innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve are from which pharyngeal arch?
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