pathology 2 Flashcards
what are oncogenes and where are they derived from ?
gene that has been mutated to cause cancer
derived from proto-oncogenes which are unmutated non cancer /normal genes
describe morphology
abnormal
is there a unique feature specific to cancer cells?
no
describe adhension in cancer cells
cell to cell adhension
cell to matrix adhension
name the biomarker for teratoma of testis
alpha-fetoprotein
what is the biomarker for breast cancer?
oestrogen receptor
Is mitoses present in cancer cells?
yes but its abnormal
what is paraneoplasmic syndrome ?
rare disorder triggered by abnormal growth cancerous tumour
what is is paraneoplasmic syndrome not a result of? ( think local and mestastis )
cannot be local or mestastic
what do proto-oncogenes code for ? give examples
they code for normal regulating proteins
e.g
-signal transduction
-growth factors & receptors
is trans-coelomic spread local or mestatsic?
trans-coelomic spread is local
what is trans-coelomic spread ?
tumours spread across body cavaties
what is tumor growth a balance of ?
also what regulates tumour growth?
balance between cell growth and cell death
(Angiogenesis -formation of new blood vessels & apoptosis )
angiogenesis and apoptosis regulates tumour growth
What is the link between tumours and angiogensis ?
angiogenesis - formation of blood vessels
the more blood vessels iun a tumour = poorer prognosis
new vessels supply oxygen and materials to tumours
they also provide a new route for the tumours to escape into circulation
what are tumour biomarkers?
they are a biological molecule that suggets the presence of cancer in a patient
and
characterize known tumours
explain the altered genetics of cancer cells
-loss of tumour suppressor genes (which stops cell proliferation )
-gain of oncogenes
give 3 examples of tumour biomarkers
-oncogenes
-onco-fetal proteins
-growth factors & receptors
give an example of diagnostic biomarker
alpha-fetoprotein in testicular teratoma
what is the changed appearance of cancer cells called?
cellular & nuclear pleomorphism
give an example of predictive biomarker
OEstrogen receptors (for breast cancer)
how do tumours metastasise via lymphatics
-tumour cells adhere to lymph vessels
-invade from lymph to node
-grow and multiply in the lymph node
What are some common sites of metastases for specific cancers?
Breast & prostate often metastasises to Bone.
Colorectal cancer often metastasises to liver.
name the most common tumour found in bone
carcinoma
