pathology 2

Question 1

what are oncogenes and where are they derived from ?

Answer 1

gene that has been mutated to cause cancer

derived from proto-oncogenes which are unmutated non cancer /normal genes

Question 2

describe morphology

Answer 2

abnormal

Question 3

is there a unique feature specific to cancer cells?

Answer 3

no

Question 4

describe adhension in cancer cells

Answer 4

cell to cell adhension
cell to matrix adhension

Question 5

name the biomarker for teratoma of testis

Answer 5

alpha-fetoprotein

Question 6

what is the biomarker for breast cancer?

Answer 6

oestrogen receptor

Question 7

Is mitoses present in cancer cells?

Answer 7

yes but its abnormal

Question 8

what is paraneoplasmic syndrome ?

Answer 8

rare disorder triggered by abnormal growth cancerous tumour

Question 9

what is is paraneoplasmic syndrome not a result of? ( think local and mestastis )

Answer 9

cannot be local or mestastic

Question 10

what do proto-oncogenes code for ? give examples

Answer 10

they code for normal regulating proteins
e.g
-signal transduction
-growth factors & receptors

Question 10

is trans-coelomic spread local or mestatsic?

Answer 10

trans-coelomic spread is local

Question 11

what is trans-coelomic spread ?

Answer 11

tumours spread across body cavaties

Question 12

what is tumor growth a balance of ?

also what regulates tumour growth?

Answer 12

balance between cell growth and cell death

(Angiogenesis -formation of new blood vessels & apoptosis )

angiogenesis and apoptosis regulates tumour growth

Question 13

What is the link between tumours and angiogensis ?

Answer 13

angiogenesis - formation of blood vessels

the more blood vessels iun a tumour = poorer prognosis

new vessels supply oxygen and materials to tumours
they also provide a new route for the tumours to escape into circulation

Question 14

what are tumour biomarkers?

Answer 14

they are a biological molecule that suggets the presence of cancer in a patient

and

characterize known tumours

Question 15

explain the altered genetics of cancer cells

Answer 15

-loss of tumour suppressor genes (which stops cell proliferation )

-gain of oncogenes

Question 16

give 3 examples of tumour biomarkers

Answer 16

-oncogenes
-onco-fetal proteins
-growth factors & receptors

Question 16

give an example of diagnostic biomarker

Answer 16

alpha-fetoprotein in testicular teratoma

Question 17

what is the changed appearance of cancer cells called?

Answer 17

cellular & nuclear pleomorphism

Question 18

give an example of predictive biomarker

Answer 18

OEstrogen receptors (for breast cancer)

Question 19

how do tumours metastasise via lymphatics

Answer 19

-tumour cells adhere to lymph vessels
-invade from lymph to node
-grow and multiply in the lymph node

Question 20

What are some common sites of metastases for specific cancers?

Answer 20

Breast & prostate often metastasises to Bone.
Colorectal cancer often metastasises to liver.

Question 21

name the most common tumour found in bone

Answer 21

carcinoma